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This study, commissioned by the European 合法博彩网站鈥檚 Policy Department for Citizens鈥� Rights and Constitutional Affairs at the request of the PETI Committee, aims to update the 2016 study 鈥淔it for purpose? The Facilitation Directive and the criminalisation of humanitarian assistance to irregular migrants鈥�. It takes stock of and examines the latest developments that have taken place since 2016, specifically the legislative and policy changes, along with various forms and cases of criminalisation of humanitarian actors, migrants鈥� family members and basic service providers. The study uses the notion of 鈥榩olicing humanitarianism鈥� to describe not only cases of formal prosecution and sentencing in criminal justice procedures, but also wider dynamics of suspicion, intimidation, harassment and disciplining in five selected Member States 鈥� Belgium, France, Greece, Hungary and Italy. Policing humanitarianism negatively affects EU citizens鈥� rights 鈥� such as the freedom of assembly, freedom of speech and freedom of conscience. When civil society is effectively (self-)silenced and its accountability role undermined, policies to combat migrant smuggling may be overused and give rise to serious breaches of the EU鈥檚 founding values, notably the rule of law, democracy and fundamental rights. Moreover, policing humanitarianism negatively affects wider societal trust and diverts the limited resources of law enforcement from investigating more serious crimes.