Asiakirjat - Think Tank - Euroopan parlamentti

Tutkimus - Academic Freedom Monitor 2024: Analysis of de facto state of academic freedom in the EU - Country overview - 11-04-2025

Fri, 11 Apr 2025 11:11:23 GMT

Academic freedom is widely recognised as a fundamental value of contemporary higher education and science, and as a prerequisite for well-functioning democratic societies. However, in recent years, major concerns have been expressed by various stakeholders about the state of academic freedom in the European Union. �Ϸ��վ launched an annual EP Academic Freedom Monitor in 2022, to help improve the promotion and protection of academic freedom in the European Union. This report presents one of the two studies conducted in the 2024 edition. This study firstly provides an updated overview of recent country- specific measurements of academic freedom across the EU. Secondly, it provides a country-specific analysis of the de facto state of academic freedom in 10 EU Member States. The study was conducted as a qualitative analysis of various data, with input from stakeholder organisations and academic experts. On the basis of both studies, this report proposes EU-level policy options for possible legislative and non-legislative initiatives to support academic freedom in the EU.

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Tutkimus - Academic Freedom Monitor 2024: Overview of de jure academic freedom protection - 07-04-2025

Mon, 07 Apr 2025 09:06:40 GMT

Academic freedom is widely recognised as a fundamental value of contemporary higher education and research, and is often presented as a prerequisite for well-functioning democratic societies. However, in recent years, major concerns have been expressed by various stakeholders about the state of academic freedom in the European Union. �Ϸ��վ launched an annual EP Academic Freedom Monitor in 2022, to help improve the promotion and protection of academic freedom in the European Union. This report presents one of the two studies conducted in the 2024 edition. This study firstly provides an overview of the constitutional legal provisions of academic freedom across all EU Member States. Secondly, it provides an in-depth analysis of the legal protection of academic freedom in four EU Member Stats. Thirdly, it explores the Union's scope of action on academic freedom protection at EU level. On the basis of both studies, this report proposes EU-level policy options for possible legislative and non-legislative initiatives to support academic freedom in the EU.

Lähde : © Euroopan unioni, 2025 - EP

Briefing - Private financing of innovation in the EU - 03-03-2025

Sun, 02 Mar 2025 23:00:00 GMT

For its new mandate, the European Commission has put innovation and its commercial development at the heart of enhancing European Union competitiveness. The priority builds on the Draghi and Letta recommendations emphasising the need to boost the EU's competitiveness to ensure its long-term sustainability and prosperity. For this purpose, the Commission also aims to revisit the EU's innovation funding programmes to improve their effectiveness and attract additional private investment in innovation and development, which lags behind global partners such as the US, Japan and South Korea. Private financing of young innovation companies is different to traditional businesses and relies typically on 'business angels' (who tend to be wealthy and successful entrepreneurs) and venture capital firms (closed-end funds specialised in high-risk business endeavours). Both types of financier constitute a major component of the 'ecosystem' surrounding innovation – a network connecting companies, research organisations, government bodies and individuals. Innovation ecosystems in the EU are perceived as relatively under-developed and segmented. Young innovation companies typically grow their business fast – known as 'scaling-up' – thanks to business angels and venture capitalist firms, who in turn need 'exit options' – i.e. ways of selling a company to other investors once it is well established. The lack of exit options is an issue, which the EU has been addressing with measures aimed at completing the capital markets union. The EU has also adopted a policy supporting private financing in innovation, either by providing grants to create new knowledge or by co-financing innovation firms through equity. Grants include the funding of state-of-the-art scientific and technological infrastructure to test and develop new technologies, while equity co-financing lowers the risk borne by private financiers ('de-risking').

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Lyhyesti - What if orbital debris destroyed satellites? - 21-02-2025

Thu, 20 Feb 2025 23:00:00 GMT

Space technologies are playing an increasingly critical role in communications, defence and research. As more satellites are launched, there is a growing risk of collision, and of satellites becoming military targets. Satellite-debris collisions have the potential to destroy not just one or two but many satellites, preventing the use of those orbits for years. Although de-orbiting satellites at a faster pace may be a solution, orbital debris falling back to Earth can cause environmental harm. Europe needs to better understand the risks and take regulatory and diplomatic steps to ensure continued access to space while protecting domestic and global interests.

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Briefing - EP Academic Freedom Monitor 2024: Key findings and policy options - 04-02-2025

Mon, 03 Feb 2025 23:00:00 GMT

The 2024 edition of the European �Ϸ��վ's Academic Freedom Monitor consists of two studies, to be published shortly, with joint key findings and policy options that are summarised in this briefing. The first study, 'Analysis of the state of de facto academic freedom in the EU', examines various measurements of academic freedom across the EU Member States. It also analyses the main threats to academic freedom and their impacts in 10 Member States through a qualitative data analysis, with input from stakeholder organisations and academic experts. The second study, 'Overview of de jure academic freedom protection', gives an overview of constitutional provisions on academic freedom protection in all Member States. It also offers an in-depth analysis of constitutional protection of academic freedom in four Member States and examines the EU's scope of action on academic freedom.

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Tutkimus - Benefit of an EU strategic innovation agenda - Cost of non Europe - 13-01-2025

Mon, 13 Jan 2025 14:42:36 GMT

For the European Union to compete globally while continuing to ensure progress in environmental, social and fundamental rights, more strategic and collective action is imperative. In a world where some leading global businesses have a market capitalisation of more than €3 trillion, an integrated economic, financial and fiscal policy framework is needed to encourage innovation and growth, including for successful SMEs. As the recent Letta and Draghi reports highlight, this requires clear political priorities, enough budgetary means, lower public spending waste rates at Member State level and crucially a transnational pro-innovation perspective. As a result, EU businesses could harness the full potential of the single market and economic and monetary union and challenge competitors in fast-growing and future-oriented economic activities such as digital and clean energy production. This agenda, although largely elusive at this point, could bring substantial economic benefit. This study finds that, compared to a situation where Member States act alone, a coordinated approach at EU level could bring an additional 0.9 % of GDP in 2035. A more ambitious integrated approach could be even more positive, with a benefit estimated at 2.6 % of additional GDP in 2035.

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Briefing - Commitments made at the confirmation hearings of the Commissioners-designate 2024-2029 - 10-01-2025

Thu, 09 Jan 2025 23:00:00 GMT

Commitments made at the confirmation hearings of the Commissioners-designate 2024-2029

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Lyhyesti - What if Europe championed new AI hardware? - 22-11-2024

Fri, 22 Nov 2024 12:05:07 GMT

Europe could gain competitive edge by supporting the development of new hardware for artificial intelligence (AI). Current state-of-the-art hardware is not optimised for machine learning, and both academic and private sector research is already leading to new designs. At the same time, the need for more time- and energy-efficient machine-learning hardware is increasing as more consumers and companies want access to machine-learning applications. The European Union (EU) has the opportunity to leverage its strong regulatory framework for AI products as a mark of trust and safety, while also investing to support the next generation of hardware, opening up a new market for Europe's high tech industry. What would happen if the EU formulated a cohesive plan to support these technologies through both research and economic policy?

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Briefing - Cryptographic security: Critical to Europe's digital sovereignty - 06-11-2024

Wed, 06 Nov 2024 15:58:32 GMT

By the 2030s, quantum computers might compromise traditional cryptography, putting digital infrastructure at high risk in the European Union (EU) and around the world. Specifically, it is expected that quantum computers' unique capabilities will allow them to solve complex mathematical problems, such as breaking the traditional cryptographic systems used universally. The confidentiality, integrity and authenticity of sensitive data – including health, financial, security and defence information – will be exposed to threats from any actor possessing a sufficiently powerful quantum computer. There is a pressing need for the EU to start preparing its digital assets to face this risk. Post-quantum cryptography (which uses classical computer properties) and quantum cryptography (which uses quantum mechanical properties) are the two types of critical technology able to protect digital infrastructure from quantum computer attacks. Robust post-quantum cryptography algorithms have been identified, but swift and efficient implementation is crucial before malicious actors exploit the power of quantum computers. Experts stress the need for quantum preparedness to be put in place now, with some of them even warning of a 'quantum cybersecurity Armageddon'. Several countries are adopting strategies to address post-quantum cryptography. The EU is working with Member States and the United States to speed up the transition to post-quantum cryptography, and is also exploring long-term quantum cryptography initiatives.

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Briefing - EU space policy: State of play - 06-11-2024

Tue, 05 Nov 2024 23:00:00 GMT

On 9 July 2024, the successful maiden flight of the new heavy-lift rocket Ariane 6 reinstated the EU's autonomous access to space. This came after several months of reliance on private United States launchers as a result of the temporary unavailability of an EU rocket. In recent years, the space sector has witnessed the conjunction of three trends. First, the space economy has grown globally, also because of competitive private actors. Second, as a consequence, space is now increasingly congested, with ever more space objects floating in orbit. Third, space has become a contested domain. With 80 countries having at least one satellite registered, space operations can now be instrumentalised: for instance, in 2021, Russia conducted an illegal anti satellite strike. In her political guidelines for 2024-2029, the President of the European Commission, Ursula von der Leyen, refers to space as an enabler of EU competitiveness, to be supported through investment. The guidelines mention space as a key domain for EU open strategic autonomy, to be enhanced through further cooperation by an EU–NATO partnership. Furthermore, Mario Draghi's September 2024 report on the future of European competitiveness stresses that, despite owning world-class space infrastructure and services, the EU is under-investing in space compared with its global competitors, and is lacking a unified legal framework on space. Ursula von der Leyen's mission letter to Andrius Kubilius, nominated on 17 September 2024 as Commissioner-designate for Defence and Space, names a set of initiatives to unleash a space contribution to EU competitiveness. It includes, in particular, the task of preparing a proposal for an EU space law to ensure a common EU playing field in space while ensuring security, safety, and sustainability. The letter also sets the task of fostering a strong and innovative space sector with a view to achieving several objectives, including maintaining the EU's autonomous access to space, curating EU spatial infrastructure, and enhancing the use of space data and services.

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Lyhyesti - What if we ran out of copper? - 16-10-2024

Tue, 15 Oct 2024 22:00:00 GMT

Copper is a relatively common element with a variety of suppliers, and that should typically mean a stable market. However, the copper market has recently been showing unusual instability. New EU legislation, though not always directly related, seems to be having a significant impact on copper prices. This is the case for the Chips Act and the Critical Raw Materials Act – designed to make EU industry more resilient by improving strategic autonomy – but also for laws concerning energy, artificial intelligence and digitalisation. New factors, including looming shortages in strategic raw materials – such as copper – may strongly influence political action.

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Briefing - Asia's skyrocketing space race: A competition for peace? - 16-10-2024

Tue, 15 Oct 2024 22:00:00 GMT

Over the past 20 years, new Asian players have emerged in the competition for space. Until the end of the 20th century, Japan – the only Asian country admitted to the International Space Station – played a leading role in the region. However, the beginning of the 21st century has seen the rise of other countries' space capabilities, fuelling a new space race. China has made sizeable progress, outpacing Russia as the main competitor to the United States. Beijing aims to be the world's leading space power by the mid-2040s and has integrated its space activities in the army structure. China is planning to build a permanent research station on the lunar south pole and a solar power station in space. China and Russia are increasingly teaming up in space projects. India has showed the capability to perform low-cost missions, including the successful landing on the Moon in August 2023, making it the fourth country to achieve this. South Korea has a relatively recent space history, but aims to rank among the world's top five space powers by 2045. The United Arab Emirates (UAE) and Saudi Arabia have revealed ambitious space policies; the UAE aims to establish the first inhabitable human settlement on Mars by 2117. Meanwhile, despite the narrative of a shared vision for humanity in space, China is accumulating major counter-space capabilities, including that of seizing control of a satellite, rendering it ineffective. The Chinese army has meanwhile designated outer space as a warfighting domain. There is also concern around the claimed pacific purpose of Iran's space programme, potentially supporting its intercontinental ballistic missile capacities. North Korea is also developing a space programme. The European Union (EU) economy, society and security are increasingly reliant on space services. The April 2021 Space Regulation established the EU space programme and the EU Agency for the Space Programme. The EU's space strategy for security and defence was adopted in March 2023.

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Briefing - Confirmation hearings of the Commissioners-designate: Ekaterina Zaharieva – Start-ups, Research and Innovation - 15-10-2024

Tue, 15 Oct 2024 08:20:10 GMT

Ekaterina Zaharieva is currently a member of the Bulgarian National Assembly, representing the Citizens for European Development of Bulgaria party (EPP). Having served in several Bulgarian governments, Zaharieva held the dual position of deputy prime minister for judicial reform and minister of foreign affairs from 2017 to 2021. Earlier, she served as minister of justice from 2015 to 2017, as deputy prime minister for economic policy and minister of regional developments and public works in 2013 and 2014, and as deputy minister of regional development and public works from 2009 to 2011. Between 2011 and 2015, she acted as head of cabinet and secretary general to the President of the Republic of Bulgaria. After earning a master's degree in law from Paisii Hilendarski University in Plovdiv, Zaharieva had followed a career as a lawyer, and then as a civil servant from 2017 to 2021. Zaharieva was born in Pazardzhik, Bulgaria, in 1975. This is one of a set of briefings designed to give an overview of issues of interest relating to the portfolios of the Commissioners designate. All these briefings can be found at: https://epthinktank.eu/commissioner_hearings_2024.

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Tutkimus - The role of research and innovation in ensuring a safe and sustainable supply of critical raw materials in the EU - 17-07-2024

Wed, 17 Jul 2024 14:28:32 GMT

This study aims to illuminate the role of research and innovation (R&I) in ensuring a safe and sustainable supply of critical raw materials (CRM). It provides background information on CRMs, related EU policies, sustainability issues, and public controversy, tying all these in with their respective R&I needs. The study reviews the role of R&I and cooperation in securing the EU's raw material supply, highlighting the significance of R&I along the value chain and analysing patenting activities and international cooperation. It concludes by presenting 11 policy options on EU institutional and R&I capacities, international collaboration and legitimacy and regulation, assessing each against a list of dimensions (e.g. costs, benefits and feasibility).

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Tutkimus - The Horizon Europe Programme: A strategic assessment of selected items - 04-07-2024

Thu, 04 Jul 2024 09:05:26 GMT

Horizon Europe is the EU's key funding programme for research and innovation, containing ambitious commitments to scientific progress, climate neutrality, and improving the EU's competitiveness and growth. This study evaluates the following selected items in Horizon Europe: the evolution of calls and funding, adoption of the Common Model Grant Agreement (CMGA), implementation of the strategic plan, discontinuation of the Future and Emerging Technologies (FET) Flagship, the participation barriers faced by SMEs, and stakeholders' views on the evaluation system. Drawing on surveys and interviews, the study aims to identify both the key strengths and shortcomings of Horizon Europe in terms of these selected items. Lastly, the study suggests ways to mitigate the shortcomings highlighted by stakeholders.

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Tutkimus - Horizon Europe support for the European Green Deal - 02-07-2024

Tue, 02 Jul 2024 14:32:02 GMT

The European Green Deal, aimed at making the EU climate neutral by 2050, outlines a comprehensive approach to sustainability, requiring profound transformation across all industrial sectors. Horizon Europe, the EU's foremost research and innovation programme, can be a critical enabler, providing the necessary funding, framework and innovation pathways to support this transition. Employing a combination of desk research and stakeholder consultations, this study evaluates Horizon Europe's alignment with the Green Deal, focusing specifically on Horizon's impact on European industry. The analysis sheds light on Horizon Europe's role in supporting research with a sustainability focus, and in facilitating industry participation in research projects. It reveals successes and identifies challenges such as administrative complexities, and the need for mechanisms to provide tailored support for small and medium-sized enterprises. The report suggests three policy options to strengthen Horizon Europe's support for industry: enhancing the capabilities of National Contact Points, expanding the 'marketplace' concept for green technologies, and prioritising selected strategic industrial and technological goals within Horizon Europe.

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Faktatietoja EU:sta - Kohtuuhintaisia viestintäpalveluja yrityksille ja kuluttajille - 26-06-2024

Sun, 30 Jun 2019 22:00:00 GMT

Tieto- ja viestintätekniikka sekä datapalvelut ovat nykyään kuluttajille ja yrityksille tärkeämpiä kuin perinteiset puhelinpalvelut. Tilaussisällön lisääntyessä ja 4G- ja 5G-verkkojen laajentuessa EU on ottanut käyttöön televiestinnän sääntelykehyksen. Se kattaa kaikentyyppisen televiestinnän, myös radio- ja televisiotoiminnan. Tutkimusten mukaan näiden palvelujen osuus EU:n BKT:stä on 86,1 miljardia euroa vuodessa ja uusilla toimenpiteillä voitaisiin tuottaa vielä 40 miljardia euroa lisää.

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Faktatietoja EU:sta - Kaikkialle ulottuvat digitaaliset sisämarkkinat - 26-06-2024

Sun, 30 Jun 2019 22:00:00 GMT

Digitaaliset sisämarkkinat edistävät taloutta, vähentävät ympäristövaikutuksia ja parantavat elämänlaatua sähköisen kaupankäynnin ja sähköisen hallinnon avulla. Palvelujen siirtyessä kiinteistä käyttöjärjestelmistä mobiilialustoille tarvitaan EU:n lainsäädäntökehys pilvipalveluille, sisällön rajatylittävälle saatavuudelle ja saumattomalle mobiilidatalle, ja samalla on varmistettava yksityisyys ja kyberturvallisuus. Euroopan digitaaliset sisämarkkinat olivat ratkaisevan tärkeät covid-19-kriisin aikana. Digipalvelusäädös ja digimarkkinasäädös mullistavat markkinat lähivuosina.

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Tutkimus - Horizon Europe: Protecting academic freedom - 13-06-2024

Thu, 13 Jun 2024 10:25:45 GMT

Academic freedom is a fundamental principle of any university and research system or institution, and is essential for a healthy democracy. The concept can be traced back to the birth of the Humboldtian research university model in Germany in the early 1800s. Despite international declarations and constitutional and legal protections, in recent years there has been renewed interest in academic freedom around the world owing to major challenges and threats from governments, industry and civil society. This study complements existing efforts to monitor academic freedom, by screening and assessing possible policy options to strengthen and improve implementation of Recital 72 in Horizon Europe, identifying opportunities and bottlenecks and proposing applicable solutions.

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Faktatietoja EU:sta - Tutkimusta ja teknologian kehittämistä koskeva politiikka - 11-06-2024

Sun, 16 Jun 2019 22:00:00 GMT

Tutkimusta ja teknologian kehittämistä (T&K) koskevalla politiikalla on alusta alkaen ollut tärkeä sija unionin lainsäädännössä, ja sitä laajennettiin 1980-luvun alussa eurooppalaisella tutkimuksen puiteohjelmalla. Vuonna 2014 suurin osa EU:n tutkimusrahoituksesta keskitettiin Horisontti 2020 -puiteohjelmaan, joka kattoi kauden 2014–2020 ja jonka tavoitteena oli varmistaa unionin maailmanlaajuinen kilpailukyky. Sen seuraaja, Horisontti Eurooppa -puiteohjelma, joka on EU:n nykyinen tutkimuksen ja innovoinnin ohjelma kaudeksi 2021–2027, käynnistyi vuonna 2021.

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Faktatietoja EU:sta - Innovaatiopolitiikka - 10-06-2024

Sun, 16 Jun 2019 22:00:00 GMT

Innovoinnilla on yhä suurempi merkitys taloudessa. Se hyödyttää EU:n kuluttajia ja työntekijöitä ja on lisäksi välttämätöntä työpaikkojen laadun parantamiseksi, ympäristöystävällisemmän yhteiskunnan luomiseksi ja elämänlaadun parantamiseksi. Sitä tarvitaan myös unionin kilpailukyvyn säilyttämiseksi globaaleilla markkinoilla. Innovaatiopolitiikka vaikuttaa tutkimusta ja teknologian kehittämistä koskevan politiikan ja teollisuuspolitiikan yhtymäkohdassa. Sen tavoitteena on luoda edellytykset uusien ideoiden tuotteistamiseksi markkinoille.

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Faktatietoja EU:sta - Eurooppalainen digitaalistrategia - 04-06-2024

Sun, 30 Jun 2019 22:00:00 GMT

Digitaaliset palvelualustat ja tekoälyn kaltaiset kehitteillä olevat teknologiat vaikuttavat voimakkaasti yhteiskunnalliseen toimintaympäristöön. Digitaaliset innovaatiot ovat määritelleet uudelleen tapamme viestiä, tehdä ostoksia ja käyttää tietoa verkossa, ja niistä on tullut välttämätön osa arkeamme. Kaikkia näitä muutoksia käsitellään Euroopan digitaalistrategiassa 2020–2030. Siinä asetetaan etusijalle turvalliset digitaaliset ympäristöt, oikeudenmukainen kilpailu digitaalisilla markkinoilla ja Euroopan digitaalisen suvereniteetin vahvistaminen vihreän ja digitaalisen siirtymän mukaisesti.

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Briefing - Interoperable Europe Act - 24-04-2024

Tue, 23 Apr 2024 22:00:00 GMT

In November 2022, the European Commission published a proposal for a regulation laying down measures for a high level of public sector interoperability across the Union (the interoperable Europe act). The initiative seeks to ensure a consistent, human-centric EU approach to interoperability, create an interoperability governance structure that helps public administrations and the private sector to work together, and establish an ecosystem of interoperability solutions for the EU's public sector. It should also cut red tape for citizens and businesses. The �Ϸ��վ adopted its position on the proposed regulation in September 2023, and the Council did so in October 2023. Shortly afterwards, in November 2023, the co-legislators reached a provisional agreement on the text. While maintaining the main points of the Commission proposal, the co legislators clarified several points such as the scope of the regulation, its objectives and the conditions of the mandatory interoperability assessment. On 6 February 2024, �Ϸ��վ voted in favour of the agreed text in plenary. After it was adopted by the Council, the act was signed by the co-legislators and published in the Official Journal of the EU on 22 March 2024. It entered into force on 11 April. Most provisions apply from 12 July 2024. Fourth edition. The 'EU Legislation in Progress' briefings are updated at key stages during the legislative procedure.

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Briefing - European health data space - 18-04-2024

Thu, 18 Apr 2024 14:03:43 GMT

The COVID-19 pandemic shone a light on the growing importance of digital health technologies, both to enable remote medical care and to facilitate the health response from international, national and local authorities. The European Commission's May 2022 proposal for a regulation on a European health data space aims to improve individuals' access to and control over their electronic personal data (primary use), while facilitating data re-use for the good of society across the EU (secondary use). The proposal establishes a set of rules, infrastructure and governance mechanisms to promote the primary and secondary use of electronic health data, while ensuring data protection and strengthening cybersecurity. The Commission expects the initiative to have a broad socio-economic impact. Its success is thought to depend not only on the capacity to implement the legal base effectively, but also on broader conditions such as EU-wide connectivity, social trust and digital skills. �Ϸ��վ's Committees on Civil Liberties, Justice and Home Affairs (LIBE) and on the Environment, Public Health and Food Safety (ENVI) adopted their joint report on 28 November 2023. The Council adopted its general approach on 6 December 2023. �Ϸ��վ voted the report in plenary on 13 December. ENVI and LIBE endorsed the agreement resulting from interinstitutional negotiations on 9 April 2024. It is due to be put to the vote during the April II 2024 plenary session. Third edition. The 'EU Legislation in Progress' briefings are updated at key stages throughout the legislative procedure.

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Briefing - Artificial intelligence [What Think Tanks are thinking] - 27-03-2024

Tue, 26 Mar 2024 23:00:00 GMT

The Artificial Intelligence (AI) Act moved close to final adoption when the European �Ϸ��վ voted in favour of the text on 13 March. It will become law after the final endorsement of the Council of the European Union, making the Union the first major world power to adopt horizontal legislation governing AI. The act defines the rules for using and selling artificial intelligence systems in the EU, and regulates general-purpose AI tools such as ChatGPT and AI-based biometric surveillance. It also requires much more transparency than up to now in high-risk AI systems, and delineates unacceptable risks of AI. This note offers links to recent reports and commentaries from some major international think tanks and research institutes on artificial intelligence. More publications on the topic can be found in a previous edition of What think tanks are thinking.

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