Dokumenty - Think Tank - Parlament Europejski

Briefing - Stock-taking of the 2024 European �Ϸ��վ Elections - 13-03-2025

Wed, 12 Mar 2025 23:00:00 GMT

In the 2024 European �Ϸ��վ elections turnout varied significantly across EU Member States, influenced by institutional factors such as compulsory voting and concurrent elections. Socioeconomic disparities persisted; older, higher-educated, and wealthier citizens were more likely to vote, while economically disadvantaged and unemployed individuals participated less. Gender and age gaps in turnout reaffirmed the importance of role models and political efficacy in mobilization. Vote choice reflected both ideological convictions and protest voting, with established pro-EU parties retaining support while Euroskeptic and far-right parties made gains. The elections confirmed the enduring importance of economic redistribution, European integration, and climate policy as key axes of political contestation. While high-quality representation fosters legitimacy and political engagement, turnout and ideological representation disparities highlight ongoing challenges for democratic inclusivity in the EU. Key recommendations for higher quality of representation include: (1) strengthening political efficacy among women; (2) encouraging youth political engagement; (3) balancing age representation in politics; (4) simplifying electoral processes; (5) strengthening social safety nets to sustain political engagement; (6) addressing political disengagement stemming from economic dissatisfaction; (7) enhancing representation for disadvantaged groups; (8) considering candidate age in party strategies; (9) bridging climate policy divides; and (10) leveraging EU defense cooperation for political consensus.

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Briefing - Stock-taking of the European Elections 2024 - 13-03-2025

Wed, 12 Mar 2025 23:00:00 GMT

The European Electoral Act decrees that the Members of the European �Ϸ��վ shall be elected on the basis of proportional representation, using the list system or the single transferable vote. There is much leeway for a Member State to turn terms like “proportional representation” or “the list system” into executable rules. As a result, Member States differ considerably as to their electoral provisions. The briefing presents an overview of the vote patterns used by the Member States, of the apportionment methods to convert the votes of a domestic electorate into seats for the competing parties, and of the ways in which the seats of a party are assigned to this party's candidates.

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W skrócie - Current membership of the European Council - 05-03-2025

Tue, 04 Mar 2025 23:00:00 GMT

The European Council consists of the 27 Heads of State or Government of the EU Member States, who are voting members, together with the President of the European Council and the President of the European Commission, who have no vote (Article 15(2) Treaty on European Union). The chart shows the current members, the national office they hold, their most recent European political affiliation, and the year their membership began.

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W skrócie - Council Decision (EU) 2018/994 modifying the 1976 European Electoral Act: Ratification status - 12-02-2025

Tue, 11 Feb 2025 23:00:00 GMT

Council Decision (EU) 2018/994, amending the 1976 European Electoral act is not yet in force. According to Article 223 TFEU, �Ϸ��վ has the exclusive right to propose amendments to the electoral rules, while the Council adopts them unanimously after �Ϸ��վ's consent. Moreover, Member States must approve those adopted rules in accordance with their constitutional requirements. However, not all Member States have ratified the Council's 2018 decision.

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W skrócie - Wybór Europejskiego Rzecznika Praw Obywatelskich - 11-12-2024

Wed, 11 Dec 2024 15:13:08 GMT

W grudniu, po wysłuchaniu publicznym kandydatów w Komisji Petycji (PETI), Parlament Europejski wybierze Europejskiego Rzecznika Praw Obywatelskich na nową kadencję. O stanowisko to ubiega się pięcioro kandydatów: Teresa Anjinho (Portugalia), była zastępczyni portugalskiego rzecznika praw obywatelskich; Emilio De Capitani (Włochy), były urzędnik Parlamentu Europejskiego; Marino Fardelli (Włochy), rzecznik praw obywatelskich regionu Lacjum; Julia Laffranque (Estonia), była sędzia Europejskiego Trybunału Praw Człowieka; Claudia Mahler (Austria), ekspertka w dziedzinie praw człowieka; oraz Reinier van Zutphen (Holandia), rzecznik praw obywatelskich Holandii.

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W skrócie - Plenary round-up – November III 2024 - 29-11-2024

Thu, 28 Nov 2024 23:00:00 GMT

The highlight of the November III 2024 plenary session was the election of the European Commission, following the Commission President-elect's presentation of the College of Commissioners and a debate in the chamber. Members held debates on Commission statements on the outcomes of the G20 Leaders' Summit and the COP29 climate change conference. Members also debated Commission and Council statements on reinforcing the EU's unwavering support for Ukraine; continued escalation in the Middle East; and the political and humanitarian situation in Mozambique. Other debates on Commission statements addressed, inter alia, Bulgaria and Romania's full accession to the Schengen Area; prevention of the recruitment of minors for criminal acts; the need to adopt an ambitious international legally binding agreement on plastic pollution; the Commission's Autumn 2024 economic forecast; venture capital financing and safe foreign direct investments in the EU; energy prices and fighting energy poverty; the gender pay gap; critical infrastructure vulnerabilities and hybrid threats in the Baltic Sea; foreign interference and espionage by third-country actors in European universities; condemning the unilateral declaration of independence of the secessionist entity in Cyprus and efforts to legitimise it, 41 years on; and the repression of freedom of speech in Algeria. Members also posed questions to Commissioner Elisa Ferreira on challenges in the implementation of the 2021-2027 cohesion policy.

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Briefing - Parlament Europejski – fakty i liczby - 22-11-2024

Fri, 22 Nov 2024 16:35:21 GMT

Niniejszy briefing opracowało Biuro Analiz Parlamentu Europejskiego. Znajdziesz w nim wiele ważnych informacji i danych liczbowych dotyczących Parlamentu Europejskiego. Liczne grafiki przedstawiają informacje o posłach i posłankach oraz strukturach i działalności Parlamentu w bieżącej kadencji (od lipca 2024 roku do czerwca 2029 roku). W briefingu znajdują się też dane o Parlamencie Europejskim w poprzednich kadencjach, począwszy od pierwszych bezpośrednich wyborów w czerwcu 1979 roku.

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Analiza - The evolving powers of the European �Ϸ��վ - 13-09-2024

Fri, 13 Sep 2024 07:48:13 GMT

�Ϸ��վ has come a long way since its inception in 1951. Initially a consultative body composed of delegations of national parliaments, it has become a directly elected institution, has obtained budgetary and legislative powers, and now exercises influence over most aspects of EU affairs. Together with representatives of national governments, who sit in the Council, �Ϸ��վ co-decides on European legislation, in what could be seen as a bicameral legislature at EU level. This publication presents �Ϸ��վ's powers, including the most recent changes following the reform of �Ϸ��վ's Rules of Procedure in April 2024.

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W skrócie - Posłowie do Parlamentu Europejskiego w latach 2024–2029 - 19-07-2024

Fri, 19 Jul 2024 07:06:23 GMT

W czerwcu 2024 roku Europejczycy wybrali swoich przedstawicieli do Parlamentu Europejskiego na kolejne pięć lat. Będą oni bronić interesów obywateli w Unii Europejskiej. W tym roku frekwencja wyborcza wyniosła 51,1%. To nieco więcej niż w poprzednich wyborach w 2019 roku (50,7%). W nowej kadencji liczba grup politycznych zwiększyła się z siedmiu do ośmiu. Połowa nowo wybranych posłów nie zasiadała wcześniej w Parlamencie Europejskim. Kobiety stanowią teraz 38,5% wszystkich posłów do Parlamentu Europejskiego. To 2,1% mniej niż w poprzedniej kadencji, kiedy odsetek ten wyniósł 40,6%. Jest to też pierwszy spadek od czasu pierwszych wyborów bezpośrednich w 1979 roku.

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W skrócie - Plenary round-up – July 2024 - 19-07-2024

Thu, 18 Jul 2024 22:00:00 GMT

The first plenary session of the tenth parliamentary term took place in Strasbourg from 16 to 19 July 2024. The Members of the new �Ϸ��վ (sitting from 2024 to 2029) elected certain of their peers to the most important offices in �Ϸ��վ – the President, Vice-Presidents and Quaestors. During this session, Members also decided on the numerical strength of the standing committees, sub-committees and delegations. They held a debate on the need for the EU's continued support for Ukraine, and then adopted a resolution reiterating support for Ukraine and condemning, in particular, Russia's recent attacks on the country. However, the most discussed business was the debate with the candidate for President of the European Commission, and Members' subsequent vote to confirm Ursula von der Leyen as President-elect for a new five-year mandate.

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W skrócie - Size of political groups in the European �Ϸ��վ - 18-07-2024

Wed, 17 Jul 2024 22:00:00 GMT

Our infographic provides and overview of the political groups formed in the European �Ϸ��վ after elections in June 2024. Eight political goups have been formed since the elections. The biggest group remains the EPP with 188 seats (26.1% of total), followed by S&D group with 136 seats (18.9%). Patriots for Europe, a newly formed group takes the third place with 84 seats (11.7%), ahead of ECR group (78 seats, 10.8%) and Renew Europe (77 seats, 10.7%). Three more groups - The Greens/EFA, The Left and a new group called Europe of Sovereign Nations - represent less than 10% of the seats each.

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W skrócie - Unfinished business from the ninth term - 16-07-2024

Mon, 15 Jul 2024 22:00:00 GMT

The ninth parliamentary term formally ended on 15 July 2024, ahead of the constitutive part-session of the European �Ϸ��վ elected on 6-9 June 2024. Despite their best efforts, the co legislators had not reached agreement on a number of legislative proposals before the end of the ninth term. These will form a major part of the business that needs to be picked up again in the tenth term. To ensure continuity in its work, �Ϸ��վ has adopted rules on how to deal with unfinished files.

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Briefing - Role and election of the President of the European Commission - 12-07-2024

Fri, 12 Jul 2024 13:50:48 GMT

With the 2024 elections now over, during its first part-session, from 16 to 19 July 2024, the new �Ϸ��վ is due to vote in a secret ballot on whether to approve the European Council's chosen candidate for President of the European Commission, Ursula von der Leyen. She was the lead candidate for the European People's Party. In �Ϸ��վ, the candidate needs to secure 361 votes, i.e. an absolute majority of all Members (currently 720). The President of the European Commission has taken on an ever more prominent leading role within the College of Commissioners, with the increasingly presidential system rather eclipsing the principle of collegiate decision-making. The Commission President also plays a crucial role in relations between the European �Ϸ��վ and the Commission. When presenting their priorities to �Ϸ��վ prior to being elected, the candidate for Commission President sets the course for the whole term, during which they will be called to account by �Ϸ��վ. Building on this, �Ϸ��վ plays an increasingly prominent role in political agenda-setting, shaping the EU's legislative programming together with the Commission and the Council. Although more in-depth assessments of the 2019-2024 Commission presided over by Ursula von der Leyen will be made in the coming months, her presidency has been characterised by several severe crises, with the pandemic and international conflict presenting a stress test for her agenda. However, these issues did not prevent delivery on the majority of the Commission's priority initiatives. This updates a 2019 briefing by the same author, itself an update of a 2014 briefing by Eva-Maria Poptcheva.

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Briefing - Understanding the d'Hondt method: Allocation of parliamentary seats and leadership positions - 05-07-2024

Thu, 04 Jul 2024 22:00:00 GMT

To allocate seats in collegiate bodies, such as parliaments, a method is needed to translate votes proportionally into whole seats. The d'Hondt method is a mathematical formula that is used widely in proportional representation systems, although it leads to less proportional results than other seat allocation systems, such as the Hare-Niemeyer or Sainte-Laguë/Schepers methods. Moreover, the d'Hondt method tends to favour the electoral lists that win the most votes, to the detriment of those with fewer votes. However, it is effective in facilitating majority formation and therefore in securing parliamentary operability. The d'Hondt method is used by 15 EU Member States for elections to the European �Ϸ��վ. It is also used within �Ϸ��վ as the formula for distributing the chairs of the parliamentary committees and delegations among the political groups, and among the national delegations within some political groups. This proportional distribution of leadership positions within �Ϸ��վ prevents the dominance of political life by just one or two large political groups, ensuring that smaller political groups also have a say in setting the political agenda. Some argue, however, that this approach limits the impact of election results on the political direction of decision-making within �Ϸ��վ; they would call instead for a 'winner-takes-all' strategy. Many national parliaments in the EU also distribute committee chairs and other posts proportionally among political groups, either using the d'Hondt method or through more informal means. Others apply a 'winner-takes-more' approach, reserving only certain committee chair posts with particular relevance to government scrutiny for opposition groups. In the US House of Representatives, all committee chairs are selected from the majority party. This updates a 2019 briefing, which itself updated a 2016 briefing by Eva-Maria Poptcheva.

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Briefing - The Hungarian �Ϸ��վ and EU affairs - 03-07-2024

Wed, 03 Jul 2024 13:16:16 GMT

Hungary is a parliamentary democracy with a unicameral parliament, the Országgyűlés (National Assembly). The structure and functioning of Hungary's political system are determined by the Fundamental Law of 25 April 2011, which has been amended 12 times since its entry into force in 2012. The National Assembly elects the President of the Republic (head of state), whose role is primarily representative but entails some complementary and controlling competences vis-à-vis the legislative, executive and judicial powers. The executive power is exercised by the Prime Minister, proposed by the President and elected by the National Assembly. The Prime Minister chooses the ministers, who together with him/her, compose the government. The Prime Minister also defines the government's general policy. Ministers are accountable for their actions to both the National Assembly and the Prime Minister. Only the Prime Minister can dismiss them, and the government's mandate is linked to that of the Prime Minister. This briefing is part of an EPRS series on national parliaments and EU affairs. It offers an overview of the way the EU Member States' national parliaments are structured and how they process, scrutinise and engage with EU legislation. It also refers to relevant publications by national parliaments.

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W skrócie - Outcome of the informal dinner of EU leaders of 17 June 2024 - 19-06-2024

Tue, 18 Jun 2024 22:00:00 GMT

On 17 June, the European Council members met for an informal dinner to discuss the results of the 2024 European �Ϸ��վ elections and possible candidates for the leadership positions in the coming EU institutional cycle. The Heads of State or Government did not come to any decision on the appointments, and indeed they were not due to take any formal decision at this stage in the procedure. High-level discussions will now take place between the European Council and the European �Ϸ��վ, as well as between the political families. The EU leaders are expected to agree on the package of high-level EU posts, and on the political priorities for the next 5 years, at the formal European Council meeting on 27 28 June 2024.

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W skrócie - Wybór przewodniczącego Parlamentu Europejskiego - 17-06-2024

Mon, 17 Jun 2024 14:25:28 GMT

Na posiedzeniu inaugurującym nową kadencję (16–19 lipca 2024 r.) Parlament Europejski wybierze 32. przewodniczącego na pierwsze półrocze 10. kadencji parlamentarnej (do stycznia 2026 r.). Przewodniczący pełni ważną i coraz bardziej eksponowaną funkcję w strukturach instytucji UE i na arenie międzynarodowej, co odzwierciedla wpływową rolę Parlamentu jako współustawodawcy i podmiotu kształtującego politykę UE.

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W skrócie - Outlook for the informal meeting of EU leaders on 17 June 2024 - 14-06-2024

Fri, 14 Jun 2024 15:59:33 GMT

The members of the European Council – the 27 EU Heads of State or Government, the President of the European Council and the President of the European Commission – will gather in Brussels for an informal meeting on Monday 17 June to consider the results of the European �Ϸ��վ elections of 6 9 June 2024. The European Council has an important role to play at this point in the institutional cycle; the meeting marks the starting point for the appointment process to the EU's highest ranking positions (namely European Commission President, European Council President and High Representative for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy). While no final decisions are expected, EU leaders may set out the procedure they envisage for the process, which they aim to complete at their next formal meeting, on 27 28 June 2024.

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Briefing - Rules on political groups in the European �Ϸ��վ - 14-06-2024

Thu, 13 Jun 2024 22:00:00 GMT

Members of the European �Ϸ��վ may form political groups; these are organised by political affiliation, not by nationality. Since the first direct elections in 1979, the number of political groups has fluctuated between seven and ten. Following the 2024 elections, the number, size and composition of political groups is likely to continue to fluctuate, with the possible dissolution of some political groups and the creation of new ones. A minimum of 23 Members, elected in at least one quarter (currently seven) of the EU's Member States, is required to form a political group. Those Members who do not belong to any political group are known as 'non-attached' Members (non-inscrits, known as NI). Although the political groups play a prominent role in �Ϸ��վ, individual Members and/or several Members acting together also have many rights, including in relation to the exercise of oversight over other EU institutions, such as the European Commission. However, belonging to a political group is of particular relevance when it comes to the allocation of key positions in �Ϸ��վ's political and organisational structures, such as committee and delegation chairs and rapporteurships on important dossiers. Moreover, political groups receive higher funding for their collective staff and parliamentary activities than non-attached Members. Political group funding, however, is distinct from funding granted to European political parties and foundations, which, if they comply with the registration requirements, may apply for funding from the European �Ϸ��վ. This briefing updates the previous edition of June 2019, by Laura Tilindyte, which itself updated an earlier edition of June 2015, by Eva-Maria Poptcheva.

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Briefing - The European Council's role at the start of the new EU institutional cycle - 11-06-2024

Mon, 10 Jun 2024 22:00:00 GMT

The European Union's institutional cycle begins anew every five years with the elections to the European �Ϸ��վ. This is a crucial moment, as it updates both the hardware (the institutional leadership) and the software (the political priorities) of the EU. The European Council, composed of the Heads of State or Government of the EU Member States, plays a significant role in both processes. Not only is it directly or indirectly involved in the choice of who fills most of the top EU positions, it also establishes the EU's long-term political priorities through setting its Strategic Agenda. This briefing outlines the EU's institutional cycle and highlights the European Council's role in this cycle in institutional terms. It also describes the processes involved in the allocation of EU top institutional jobs and the adoption of the EU's long-term priorities.

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Briefing - The arrival of e-voting and campaign technologies in Europe: Promise, perils and preparedness - 31-05-2024

Thu, 30 May 2024 22:00:00 GMT

Traditionally, political parties and electoral administrations in the European Union have been slow to adopt campaign and election technologies. However, there is now a noticeable shift among European actors towards leveraging key technologies to enhance political communication and voting procedures. Authorities in Belgium, Bulgaria, Estonia, France and one district in Portugal have already used electronic voting methods. Additionally, political parties are widely adopting data-driven campaign technology throughout Europe, including in Germany, Spain, France, Italy, Hungary and the Netherlands. Experts anticipate that political parties will further harness artificial intelligence (AI) to enhance their communication strategies. Outlining the risks and opportunities associated with these technologies, this briefing examines how the recently updated legal framework governs content management tools utilised by political parties for the creation and dissemination of content. More specifically, it shows that political parties, intermediary services and providers of content creation solutions are subject to a range of data processing restrictions, transparency obligations and risk management requirements under the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), the e-Privacy Directive (e-PD), and the Digital Services Act (DSA). These obligations will become more stringent once the Regulation on the Transparency and Targeting of Political Advertising (TTPA) and the Artificial Intelligence Act (AIA) become applicable after the 2024 European �Ϸ��վ elections.

Źródło : © Unia Europejska, 2024 - PE

W skrócie - Youth, social media and the European elections - 28-05-2024

Mon, 27 May 2024 22:00:00 GMT

As social media has become the main gateway to information for many young people, how will it influence the youth vote in the 2024 European elections? The turnout among young people in the 2019 European elections was relatively high, and many hope for a repeat performance in June this year. But ahead of the 2024 elections, the main European institutions have largely 'excluded' themselves from one of the most popular video-sharing platforms among young people – TikTok – over data security concerns. Social media in itself is a difficult phenomenon to study, as recommendation algorithms mean that everyone sees different content.

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Briefing - 'Europeanising' the electoral ballot - 16-05-2024

Wed, 15 May 2024 22:00:00 GMT

This briefing discusses the issue of the 'Europeanisation' of the ballot papers in Member States ahead of the 2024 European �Ϸ��վ elections. �Ϸ��վ has made two recent attempts at electoral reform seeking to 'Europeanise the European elections. The second of these – still to be agreed with the Council – seeks to align electoral rules across the EU Member States. With the 2024 European elections imminent, it is useful to take a closer look at the rules as they currently stand. The focus of this briefing is the notion of the 'Europeanisation' of the electoral ballot in its narrowest sense, namely whether ballot papers used in each Member State for the European �Ϸ��վ elections can include the logos and/or names of the European political parties to which the respective national political parties are affiliated. This exploration of the issue of the visibility of European political parties on the ballot papers for European elections is broken down into three parts. The first is the rationale behind and progress in the 'Europeanisation' of the European electoral process, with a particular focus on reforms geared towards showing the affiliation of national parties to European political parties on the ballot paper. The EU institutions have taken several initiatives intended to inject mutual European features into the national political processes ahead of the elections to the European �Ϸ��վ. The second is a discussion of the data on European features of national ballot papers for the 2014 and 2019 European �Ϸ��վ elections. The third part analyses the current state of ballot papers in all Member States, i.e. those applicable to the 2024 European elections, examining the extent to which Member States allow or forbid the visibility of European political party logos and/or names on the ballot paper for the European elections. This last section includes a synopsis of the similarities and differences between Member States.

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Briefing - Electoral thresholds in European �Ϸ��վ elections - 26-04-2024

Thu, 25 Apr 2024 22:00:00 GMT

An electoral threshold for the allocation of seats is the minimum percentage of votes that a political party or a coalition is required to collect in order to gain a seat in the legislative assembly. Thresholds are said to enable a better balance between governability and representativeness, by favouring the formation of stable majorities and avoiding excessive fragmentation of the legislative assembly. Thresholds are sometimes imposed by law, but in the absence of an explicit legal requirement, they can be the de facto result of the size of the constituency and the relevant electoral law determining the apportionment of seats between constituencies. Provisions for electoral thresholds are common in proportional electoral systems, which tend to favour multipartyism. Thresholds can, however, be problematic when they limit or impede the representation of regional parties and ethnic and linguistic minorities, for instance. The current European Electoral Act contains a set of common principles to be upheld by the different domestic laws applicable to the election of the European �Ϸ��վ. The original act of 1976 did not contain any provisions on minimum thresholds. Following modifications introduced in 2002, Article 3 allows Member States to set a minimum threshold for the allocation of seats; this must not exceed 5 % of the votes cast. The electoral thresholds applied in the 2019 European elections ranged between 5 % of the valid votes cast, required in nine Member States (Czechia, France, Croatia, Latvia, Lithuania, Hungary, Poland, Romania and Slovakia) and 1.8 %, required in Cyprus, while 14 Member States set no threshold. Italy, Austria and Sweden applied a 4 % threshold; and Greece 3 %. At the time of writing, it appears that these thresholds will still be applicable for the 2024 European elections. This updates and expands on a June 2023 EPRS briefing.

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W skrócie - Wybory europejskie 2024: Zasady krajowe - 23-04-2024

Tue, 23 Apr 2024 13:21:17 GMT

Jakie przepisy będą miały zastosowanie do wyborów europejskich w 2024 roku? W każdym państwie członkowskim obowiązują inne przepisy. Niniejsza infografika zawiera informacje na temat różnych najważniejszych przepisów mających zastosowanie w nadchodzących wyborach europejskich, które odbędą się w czerwcu 2024 roku. Infografika jest jednostronicowa. Czytelnicy znajdą tam informacje na temat dnia wyborów w każdym kraju, stosowanych systemów głosowania i liczby posłów do Parlamentu wybieranych w każdym państwie członkowskim. Podajemy także wiek, po przekroczeniu którego można kandydować w wyborach, a także zasady głosowania spoza własnego państwa członkowskiego. Całkowita liczba posłów do Parlamentu ma wzrosnąć do 720. Infografika pokazuje, w jaki sposób 15 dodatkowych miejsc przypadnie poszczególnym państwom członkowskim. Dodatkowe informacje i wyjaśnienia znajdują się na drugiej stronie infografiki.

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