Dokumenty - Think Tank - Parlament Europejski

Briefing - EU and Ukraine: Potential for stronger energy cooperation on the path to integration - 24-03-2025

Sun, 23 Mar 2025 23:00:00 GMT

Ukraine is the second largest country on the European continent after Russia. Its oil, coal and gas reserves, as well as its geostrategic position, ensured its important role in energy trade, both during the Soviet Union and after its collapse. However, Russia's initial invasion of Ukraine (since 2014), followed by a full-scale war of aggression against the country, have had severe human and economic impacts. In the energy area, for example, Russia's strategy has been to weaponise (e.g. the occupation of Zaporizhzhia nuclear power station) or destroy (hydro and coal-fired power plants, as well as electricity grid substations) energy infrastructure. As a result, Ukraine's electricity generation capacity has been severely limited. Moreover, its choice to be less dependent on Russian energy, and to apply for EU membership, means that, within a short time frame, it must rebuild its energy grid and orient it towards a future with less fossil fuels; all this while being in a war. Energy relations between the EU and Ukraine are multifaceted (e.g. the Energy Community; the memorandum of understanding on energy in 2005, updated in 2016; the association agreement signed in 2014). In future, they are due to be reframed under the institutional arrangements for the enlargement talks (after Ukraine was granted EU candidate status in 2022). Since the Russian invasion in 2022, to help Ukraine cope with the multiple challenges its energy grid has been facing, the EU has used several mechanisms and initiatives, such as successfully synchronising the Ukrainian grid with the Continental European Synchronous Area; the EU civil protection mechanism; the Ukraine Facility; the Ukraine Energy Support Fund; and the European Investment Bank. The outcome of the war is uncertain, and some see recent statements by the new United States administration as a significant setback for Ukraine. Others focus instead on the possibilities for further collaboration between Ukraine and the EU. They bring as examples the country's vast gas reserves and infrastructure both to transport and to store natural gas, nuclear power or green hydrogen, provided that the country engages in the development of relevant infrastructure.

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Briefing - EU energy relations with the Western Balkans - 24-03-2025

Sun, 23 Mar 2025 23:00:00 GMT

The six countries that make up the region known as the Western Balkans differ in terms of size, population, economy, energy mix and energy import dependency. At the same time, they share common elements because of their geographical proximity, and – in some cases – common policies adopted in the past. An example is their ageing infrastructure dating back to the 1970s, which was damaged during the conflicts in former Yugoslavia. Another common element (except for Albania) is their reliance on solid fossil fuels (mainly coal), and their dependency on imports of fossil fuels. The EU is the leading trade partner for the countries of the Western Balkans and an important investor in the region. In addition, it is the largest provider of financial assistance to the region, supporting the six countries' development and reforms, as well as its transition towards sustainable energy, with financial and technical assistance. The EU provides assistance through the Instrument for Pre-accession Assistance, the Western Balkans Investment Framework and the European Investment Bank. While the EU has an important role in the region, Russia and China are major players, too. Russia has been active for decades in the Western Balkans, while China has started engaging more recently. Their strategy also differs, with Russia more focused on exporting its fossil fuels to the region, and China investing through its Belt and Road Initiative. Nonetheless, such involvement creates dependencies, which could hamper these countries' integration into the EU – from both a political and an energy/economic perspective – as well as the functioning of the EU itself. In this context, experts have noted what steps the EU and the countries in the region could take to lessen these dependencies, while enhancing the Western Balkan countries' energy security and helping them take the necessary steps towards the green transition.

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Briefing - EU energy partnerships: United States - 24-03-2025

Sun, 23 Mar 2025 23:00:00 GMT

The energy system is a cornerstone of the United States (US) economy and competitiveness. The country's energy mix in 2022 was well-diversified, consisting of two thirds natural gas and oil, with the rest almost equal proportions of coal, nuclear and renewables. By using its vast reserves in fossil fuels and applying new extraction technologies, the US has managed to increase its fossil fuel production significantly over the past 10 years and, since 2019, it has become a net energy exporter for the first time in decades. US fossil fuel exports have increased further since Russia's full-scale invasion of Ukraine, at a time when the EU has looked to close the gap created by its ending imports from Russia. The US is also the world's largest producer of nuclear power, accounting for about 30 % of worldwide generation of nuclear electricity. During the Biden administration, the EU and the US were close allies and shared values on energy and the importance of energy transition. In this context, they cooperated through several channels and forums. At the same time, however, their initiatives (the Inflation Reduction Act in the US, the European Green Deal in the EU) showed that, while the goal (decarbonisation and generation of energy from renewable sources) remained the same, the visions and means to achieve them differed between the US and the EU. This created the conditions for both cooperation and rivalry. Since then, the new Trump administration has shown that it intends to conduct a more aggressive, fossil fuel-based energy policy. This could reduce cooperation and create tensions in energy relations between the partners, as was the case during President Trump's previous term.

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W skrócie - Understanding import tariffs under WTO law - 21-03-2025

Thu, 20 Mar 2025 23:00:00 GMT

In 1947, drawing on the lessons learnt from the global economic damage caused by trade protectionism and tariff wars prior to World War II, 23 countries, including the United States, initiated the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) as a platform for multilateral negotiations aimed at liberalising and boosting global trade. To this end, GATT members - and since 1995 the members of the then newly created World Trade Organization (WTO) - gradually reduced their import tariffs and tariff quotas, creating a multilateral system of country-specific tariff commitments. These commitments, in conjunction with the general principles for their application, have since constrained WTO members' ability to unilaterally set tariffs higher than what they have committed to.

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Analiza - Europe’s policy options in the face of Trump’s global economic reordering - 20-03-2025

Wed, 19 Mar 2025 23:00:00 GMT

In this paper, we propose and analyse four scenarios of a second Trump administration’s economic policy and its impact on Europe, ranging all the way from moderate tariffs to full trade war, a full multilateral breakdown with the US leaving the IMF down to a more cooperative exchange rate realignment agreement. We assess two trade scenarios quantitatively and outline broader policy shocks and their economic consequences. Our findings highlight significant challenges for the ECB, requiring responses to trade disruptions, financial instability, and potential global economic reordering. We offer specific policy recommendations for the ECB to navigate these uncertainties. This document was provided by the Economic Governance and EMU Scrutiny Unit at the request of the Committee on Economic and Monetary Affairs (ECON) ahead of the Monetary Dialogue with the ECB President on 20 March 2025.

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Briefing - Trade on the European Council agenda - 18-03-2025

Tue, 18 Mar 2025 14:18:28 GMT

The repeated crises of recent years, including the COVID pandemic and the Russian war on Ukraine, have disrupted trade relations in many ways. Competition on global markets has become fiercer and the rules-based multilateral order established after World War II is increasingly challenged. The tariffs imposed by the new United States (US) administration are adding to the uncertainty. Trade in goods and services accounts for 22.4 % of EU GDP – the EU is the world's biggest trading bloc and top trading partner for 80 countries. Trade is thus crucial for the EU's growth and competitiveness. In that context, the development of a robust trade policy, enabling the EU to defend itself effectively against unfair trade practices and to level the playing field, has become a core priority for EU leaders. Consequently, trade – an issue traditionally in the hands of the European Commission – has grown in importance on the European Council agenda in recent years. Developing a bold trade policy is also one of the core elements of the New Competitiveness Deal, which was discussed at the EU leaders' special meeting in April 2024. The importance of EU assertiveness on the global stage to defend its trade interests was underlined in the European Council's 2024-2029 Strategic Agenda, the document setting out the EU's direction for the current 5-year term, as well as in the Budapest Declaration of November 2024. It is in light of recent developments that EU leaders will discuss trade at their 20-21 March meeting in Brussels.

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Badanie - Unpredictable Tariffs by the US: Implications for the euro area and its monetary policy - 18-03-2025

Mon, 17 Mar 2025 23:00:00 GMT

Were the US to impose large and lasting tariffs on its imports from the EU, the effect on the euro area (EA) would be substantial and far-reaching. We expect the direct impact to be inflationary in the US and contractionary on EA aggregate demand and output. The indirect impact through an appreciation of the dollar (partly already occurred) tends to transfer inflation from the US to Europe. The ECB should be mindful that both deflationary and inflationary influences may ensue, and be ready to adjust monetary policy promptly if necessary to maintain price stability. This document was provided by the Economic Governance and EMU Scrutiny Unit at the request of the Committee on Economic and Monetary Affairs (ECON) ahead of the Monetary Dialogue with the ECB President on 20 March 2025.

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Briefing - International Agreements in Progress - EU-Mercosur Partnership Agreement: Trade pillar - 17-03-2025

Mon, 17 Mar 2025 09:49:34 GMT

On 6 December 2024, the European Union (EU) and the four founding members of Mercosur – Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay – reached a political agreement on a free trade agreement that would form part of a wider Partnership Agreement including political dialogue and cooperation. The 2024 text of the trade pillar seeks to adjust an earlier political agreement of 28 June 2019 to EU demands for Mercosur to make stronger sustainability commitments, notably in respect to the Paris Agreement, and to Mercosur demands for the EU to grant greater policy space for Mercosur's industrial development. Against the background of growing geo-economic uncertainty and geopolitical tension, the agreement would be a strong signal in favour of multilateralism and against power politics in trade. It would create a strategic alliance between like-minded partners for building sustainable and resilient supply chains, including for the green and digital transitions. It could also allow the EU to regain some economic ground lost to China in the past decade. However, the trade pillar faces strong headwinds, notably for its potential environmental, climate change and food safety impacts. While the agreement enjoys the support of EU industry associations and sub-sectors of EU agriculture with offensive interests, EU farmers' associations with defensive interests have criticised it as an unfair 'cars for cows' deal. After the legal review and translation of the agreement, the Commission will submit to the Council proposals for Council decisions to sign and conclude the whole Agreement, revealing its ratification modalities. Second edition. The 'International Agreements in Progress' briefings are updated at key stages throughout the process, from initial discussions through to ratification.

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Badanie - Euro Area Risks Amid US Protectionism - 17-03-2025

Sun, 16 Mar 2025 23:00:00 GMT

This paper examines the impact of US protectionist trade policies on the euro area economy, focusing on macroeconomic and financial repercussions. While direct tariff effects are mitigated by exchange rate adjustments and ECB policies, broader risks arise from global trade disruptions and financial contagion. Increased risk premia on US bonds elevate European financing costs, posing fiscal challenges. We highlight the importance of trade diversification, innovation incentives, and prudent monetary policy to mitigate economic vulnerabilities and sustain long-term growth. This document was provided by the Economic Governance and EMU Scrutiny Unit at the request of the Committee on Economic and Monetary Affairs (ECON) ahead of the Monetary Dialogue with the ECB President on 20 March 2025.

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W skrócie - EU-UK regulatory cooperation in financial services - 10-03-2025

Sun, 09 Mar 2025 23:00:00 GMT

Since the adoption of the Memorandum of Understanding on regulatory cooperation, the European Union and the United Kingdom have organised three meetings for dialogue and cooperation on financial services regulation. The meetings focus on macroeconomic developments, banking and anti-money laundering, capital markets, and digital and sustainable finance.

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Briefing - Greenland: Caught in the Arctic geopolitical contest - 07-03-2025

Fri, 07 Mar 2025 14:34:00 GMT

Greenland is a self-governing Arctic island within the Kingdom of Denmark, which strives for economic self-sufficiency and future independence. This representative democracy of 56 542 inhabitants will elect 31 members to Greenland's �Ϸ��վ on 11 March 2025. These parliamentary elections are taking place against the fraught background of rising geopolitical tensions. In the context of a heating – literally and figuratively – Arctic, Greenland is a focus of geopolitical competition and growing confrontation between major powers – the United States (US), Russia and China. The island has high strategic importance, due to its proximity to the emerging Arctic shipping routes, its strategic location in relation to security and defence activities, and its vast untapped natural resources, including mineral reserves. According to its foreign policy strategy, Greenland is open to enhanced cooperation and dialogue with partners, including the US. Indeed, the US has been an important ally of Greenland and security guarantor since 1951. Relations have strengthened and widened during the last two decades, with cooperation now encompassing not only security, but also environment, science, health, technology, trade, tourism, education, and culture. However, US President Donald Trump's rhetoric on acquiring Greenland has shocked Greenlanders, Danes and Europeans alike. Upon the island's withdrawal from the European Economic Community (EEC, now European Union) in 1985, Greenland became an Overseas Country and Territory, associated through Denmark. The main areas of cooperation between the European Union (EU) and Greenland are fisheries, education, and, lately, green growth. The EU has recently stepped up its engagement with Greenland by opening an office in Nuuk in March 2024 and signing a Memorandum of Understanding for a strategic partnership to develop sustainable raw materials value chains in November 2023. �Ϸ��վ engages with its counterparts from Greenland through meetings with the Nordic Council and West Nordic Council. In October 2021, the European �Ϸ��վ called for the EU to establish an enhanced political dialogue on bilateral cooperation with Greenland.

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W skrócie - Europejski semestr – priorytety w zakresie zatrudnienia i priorytety społeczne na 2025 r. - 06-03-2025

Thu, 06 Mar 2025 11:24:06 GMT

Na przestrzeni lat koordynacja polityk krajowych w ramach europejskiego semestru została rozszerzona na kluczowe elementy polityki zatrudnienia i polityki społecznej, które należą głównie do kompetencji krajowych. Częścią europejskiego semestru jest roczne wspólne sprawozdanie o zatrudnieniu. Stanowi ono punkt wyjścia do debaty o postępach w tworzeniu Europy o silniejszym wymiarze społecznym oraz o adekwatności stosowanych wskaźników. Parlament wyraża opinię, której Rada nie musi uwzględnić. Debata Parlamentu nad tym sprawozdaniem ma się odbyć podczas sesji plenarnej w marcu. Rada ds. Zatrudnienia, Polityki Społecznej, Zdrowia i Ochrony Konsumentów (EPSCO), która nie jest związana opinią Parlamentu, ma przyjąć wspólne sprawozdanie o zatrudnieniu 10 marca 2025 r.

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W skrócie - Przyspieszenie stopniowego wycofywania rosyjskiego gazu i innych rosyjskich produktów energetycznych w UE - 06-03-2025

Thu, 06 Mar 2025 11:13:30 GMT

Wojna Rosji w Ukrainie skłoniła UE do podjęcia kroków w celu zapewnienia swojego bezpieczeństwa energetycznego. Trzy lata później wyniki są pozytywne, ale można zrobić więcej, aby jeszcze bardziej zmniejszyć zależność od rosyjskich paliw kopalnych i rosyjskiej energii jądrowej w UE. Podczas marcowej sesji plenarnej Komisja ma wygłosić oświadczenie w tej sprawie.

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W skrócie - Egypt, Morocco, Tunisia: Economic indicators and trade with EU - 28-02-2025

Thu, 27 Feb 2025 23:00:00 GMT

This infographic provides insight into the economic performance of Egypt, Morocco, and Tunisia compared with the European Union (EU) and examines the trade dynamics between them. The growth rate for Morocco and Egypt, although decreasing from 2023, remains at 2.8 percent and 2.7 percent, respectively. The GDP growth rate of Tunisia and the EU is up compared to 2023, but still below 2 percent, standing at 1.6 percent and 1.1 percent, respectively. In the past two years, Egypt has experienced a rapid increase in inflation and fluctuations in its exchange rate. The inflation rate for 2024 was 33.3%. Trade in goods and services shows a steady and sustained increase from 2007 to the present. Among the three states compared, Morocco is the primary partner in trade for goods, while Egypt leads in services.

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Briefing - Violence and organised crime in the EU - 26-02-2025

Tue, 25 Feb 2025 23:00:00 GMT

The use of violence by criminals involved in organised crime is increasing in the European Union (EU), in terms of frequency, severity, visibility and impact. Most violence is concentrated in and around major transit points and transportation hubs used for smuggling goods, particularly drugs. At the same time, firearms are a key enabler of the increasing violence perpetrated by organised crime groups. Increased competition between rival criminal groups has led to a spillover of violence onto the streets, endangering and sometimes even harming innocent bystanders. This increases the threat to and impact on citizens' lives and society as whole. A particularly worrying phenomenon is the recruitment of minors into serious and organised crime and terrorism. Minors are increasingly used by criminal networks as a tactic to avoid detection, capture or prosecution. Even though Europe is still one of the continents least affected by organised crime, criminal networks are expected to increase their global reach, become more fluid and digitalised, and thus more open to diversity and competition. This may, in turn, lead to even more organised crime-related violence. The EU recognises the severity of the problem and the need for coordinated action to tackle this growing threat to security and prosperity. It has already initiated several measures to encourage closer cooperation between Member States and with international partners, as well as having adopted common legal, judicial and investigative frameworks to address organised crime in general and the related violence in particular.

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Briefing - China's increasing presence in Latin America: Implications for the European Union - 25-02-2025

Mon, 24 Feb 2025 23:00:00 GMT

Within just two decades, China has transformed from an insignificant player to a dominant force in Latin America, alongside the United States (US) and the European Union (EU). Predictions suggest that by 2035, China may even overtake the US as Latin America's most important trading partner. China has been South America's top trading partner for quite some time. The region holds strategic importance for the future of the global economy due to its abundance of resources and critical raw materials, such as lithium and copper. In parallel to maintaining economic ties with Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC), China is also enhancing its political relationship with the region, primarily through the China-Community of Latin American and Caribbean States (CELAC) forum. In 2018, China extended its vast global infrastructure development strategy – the Belt and Road Initiative – to Latin America. A recent example of Chinese strategic investment in the region is the Chancay megaport in Peru, which could be a game changer in Latin American logistics, as it will reroute trade between Latin America and Asia, bypassing the Atlantic and the Panama Canal. Recent actions by the Trump administration aimed at countering China's influence in LAC may inadvertently strengthen China's position in the region even further, as was seen during the first Trump administration. For the EU, which is in urgent need of a diversified supply of critical raw materials to navigate the clean and digital transition of its economy, the LAC region is now more strategically important than ever. The EU's envisaged partnership agreement with Mercosur, the South American trading block, will test the EU's commitment to deepening its partnership with Latin America through the conclusion of this agreement. �Ϸ��վ is expected to vote on the proposed agreement during its current legislative term.

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Briefing - Revised Product Liability Directive - 19-02-2025

Tue, 18 Feb 2025 23:00:00 GMT

As products have become more complex in the digital age, the need for a new directive on liability of defective products has arisen. The new directive will revise the existing Product Liability Directive, adopted nearly 40 years ago in 1985. The directive brings the European Union's product liability regime up to speed with the digital age, circular economy business models and global value chains by ensuring that consumers receive compensation for defective products, including those manufactured outside the EU. It introduces new provisions to address liability for products such as software (including artificial intelligence systems) and digital services that affect how the product works (e.g. navigation services in autonomous vehicles). It also alleviates the burden of proof for victims under certain circumstances. The new directive on liability of defective products was published in the EU's Official Journal on 18 November 2024. It entered into force on 9 December 2024. Member States must transpose the directive into their national laws and implement the changes by December 2026. Fourth edition. The 'EU Legislation in Progress' briefings are updated at key stages throughout the legislative procedure.

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Briefing - EU-India relations: Time for a new boost? - 19-02-2025

Tue, 18 Feb 2025 23:00:00 GMT

The European Union (EU) is seeking to strengthen its strategic partnership with India, in place since 2004. The European Commission has given a strong signal in this direction. Commission President Ursula von der Leyen announced in Davos that the first visit of the whole College of Commissioners to a third country would be to India, on 27 and 28 February 2025. The EU-India Trade and Technology Council will also meet. A joint communication on a new strategic EU-India agenda is expected in the second quarter of 2025. An EU-India summit may take place in the last quarter of 2025. The EU wants to develop its relationship with India, whose market and economic growth (including in green technology) represents a valuable opportunity for EU companies. India's strategic geographical position in the heart of the Indo-Pacific, where about 80 % of total global trade by volume passes, makes it a key partner for maintaining the security of the region and the freedom of navigation that are crucial to EU interests. The EU is also looking to expand its circle of key partners, against a backdrop of uncertainty over transatlantic relations. India meanwhile maintains a privileged relationship with Russia and is strengthening ties with the Trump administration. The EU and India are currently negotiating a free trade agreement, an investment protection agreement and an agreement on geographical indications. They also cooperate on a wide range of policies, including security, climate and energy, connectivity, research and innovation, and space. However, as the European �Ϸ��վ underlined in its report on EU-India relations in January 2024, the partnership has not yet reached its full potential. Meanwhile, the EU-India five-year roadmap to 2025 is coming to an end, creating an opportunity to continue building a strong relationship. To develop their partnership, the EU and India would need to address some challenges. In particular, on trade negotiations New Delhi considers the EU carbon border adjustment mechanism and deforestation legislation to be unfair and detrimental to domestic markets. The EU is concerned about India's stance on Russia's invasion of Ukraine and about its human rights situation.

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W skrócie - Fact-checking and content moderation - 17-02-2025

Sun, 16 Feb 2025 23:00:00 GMT

Fact-checking of content on online platforms has so far played an important role in protecting democracy, by verifying statements and making sure trustworthy sources are used. Many social media platforms use fact-checkers to help them enforce content moderation policies, with the aim of protecting their users from harm. The EU's Digital Services Act – a binding legal instrument – strengthens content moderation obligations for online platforms, while the voluntary EU Code of Practice on Disinformation encourages signatories to use fact-checking services consistently. However, some major platforms have recently challenged this approach.

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W skrócie - Plenary round-up – February 2025 - 14-02-2025

Fri, 14 Feb 2025 11:19:05 GMT

The highlight of the February 2025 plenary session was the presentation of the European Commission's long-awaited 2025 work programme and the subsequent debate. The session also saw a debate on Council and Commission statements on continued EU support for Ukraine, followed by an address by Ruslan Stefanchuk, Speaker of the Verkhovna Rada. Members took part in several debates linked to preparing the EU for a new trade era: on multilateral cooperation on tariffs, the EU-Mercosur Trade Agreement, and protecting the system of international justice and its institutions. A debate and vote on the 2024 European Central Bank annual report took place in the presence of Christine Lagarde, President of the Bank. �Ϸ��վ held a debate on media freedom, in honour of the memory of journalists Ján Kuciak and Martina Kušnírová; another debate marked the anniversary of the murder of Alexei Navalny. Members also debated the political crisis in Serbia, the escalating violence in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and resolving humanitarian crises following war and conflict. Finally, �Ϸ��վ debated the escalation of violence in Sweden, the mental health crisis among Europe's youth, and cross-border recognition of same-sex couples and their children's civil status documents.

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Briefing - Package travel and linked travel arrangements: Improving protection for travellers - 13-02-2025

Wed, 12 Feb 2025 23:00:00 GMT

On 29 November 2023, the European Commission adopted a proposal for a directive amending Directive (EU) 2015/2302 on package travel and linked travel arrangements, to improve protection for travellers and simplify and clarify certain aspects of the current directive. The Commission announced in a 2020 communication on a new consumer agenda that it would look into revising the directive following the turmoil caused by the mass cancellations during the COVID-19 pandemic. The proposal is the result of two years of stakeholder consultations and a reassessment of the current rules. The main changes focus on securing travellers' rights and improving insolvency protection. Other key changes include extending the directive's scope to lay down rules on contracts between package organisers and service providers. In the European �Ϸ��վ, the file has been referred to the Committee on the Internal Market and Consumer Protection (IMCO). After the European elections, a rapporteur was reappointed on 30 September 2024. In the meantime, the Council adopted its negotiating mandate on 18 December 2024. Second edition. The 'EU Legislation in Progress' briefings are updated at key stages throughout the legislative procedure

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W skrócie - Kompas konkurencyjności dla UE - 05-02-2025

Wed, 05 Feb 2025 16:35:38 GMT

29 stycznia 2025 r. Komisja przedstawiła „Kompas konkurencyjności” – ramy gospodarcze, które mają ukierunkować jej prace w nadchodzących latach. Kompas, którego podstawą jest kluczowa rola wydajności w finansowaniu ambicji UE w zakresie konkurencyjności, ma uprościć przepisy, połączyć inwestycje prywatne i publiczne w kluczowe technologie oraz złagodzić zależności zewnętrzne w celu pobudzenia innowacji w UE. W tym celu Komisja zamierza przedstawić do końca 2026 r. maksymalnie 47 wniosków ustawodawczych i nieustawodawczych. Oczekuje się, że posłowie omówią tę inicjatywę po wystąpieniu Komisji podczas lutowej sesji plenarnej.

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Badanie - Proposal for a Regulation on police cooperation to counter migrant smuggling and human trafficking: Targeted substitute impact assessment - 05-02-2025

Wed, 05 Feb 2025 16:19:08 GMT

As part of a package to address migrant smuggling, on 28 November 2023 the European Commission proposed a regulation to strengthen police cooperation and Europol's role in the fight against migrant smuggling and trafficking in human beings (COM(2023) 754). The proposal was not supported by an impact assessment. Following a request by the European �Ϸ��վ's Committee on Civil Liberties, Justice and Home Affairs (LIBE), this study presents a targeted substitute impact assessment of the proposed regulation. It provides an analysis of the current legal and political framework, reviews the problem definition and drivers identified by the Commission and assesses the proposed measures. It concludes that, while the proposal seeks to address gaps in inter-agency cooperation and information sharing, it raises concerns about its alignment with existing frameworks, insufficient data protection safeguards, and risks of conflating criminal law with migration control. The study also examines the proportionality of the proposed measures and stresses the need for a more robust evaluation of fundamental rights impacts.

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Briefing - Problems presented by third-country e-commerce - 31-01-2025

Thu, 30 Jan 2025 23:00:00 GMT

Online commerce is a defining feature of the modern world. It opens up opportunities for consumers and businesses alike. For consumers, it can mean a wider choice of goods and services at cheaper prices. For business, it offers new ways to reach larger markets. The borderless nature of online commerce means that, today, such opportunities within the EU are also open to businesses from elsewhere, and this phenomenon has been on the rise in recent years. Many consumers are familiar now with the advantages of being able to purchase goods at low prices from all corners of the globe. However, along with these opportunities come risks. Goods imported from outside the EU do not always conform to EU product standards or comply with EU consumer law. It can be extremely challenging for customs and other public authorities to check the increasingly large numbers of imports of often very low value. These challenges have been identified by a wide variety of stakeholders across the EU. The issue is on the radar of various actors in the EU institutions, with the promise of action already from the new Commission, concerns expressed by Member States and attention in �Ϸ��վ. The consensus seems to be that the time has come for action to be taken. The issues are technically challenging. They sit at the centre of a web of legislation, some of which has only recently been adopted. To get to grips with the problem, policymakers and lawmakers will need to examine that legal framework systematically, and work out what gaps have to be filled, and how best to fill them. They will also need to bear in mind that similar concerns have already been raised in other jurisdictions, and some solutions proposed. The way in which these issues are addressed will put wider trading and diplomatic relations between large global actors to the test.

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Briefing - EU Cyber Resilience Act - 20-12-2024

Thu, 19 Dec 2024 23:00:00 GMT

New technologies come with new risks, and the impact of cyber-attacks through digital products has increased dramatically in recent years. Consumers are increasingly falling victim to security flaws linked to digital products such as baby monitors, robo-vacuum cleaners, Wi-Fi routers and alarm systems. For businesses, the importance of ensuring that digital products in the supply chain are secure has become pivotal, considering three in five vendors have already lost money as a result of product security gaps. The European Union's lawmakers signed the 'cyber-resilience act' in October 2024. The regulation imposes cybersecurity obligations on all products with digital elements whose intended and foreseeable use includes direct or indirect data connection to a device or network. The regulation introduces cybersecurity by design and by default principles and imposes a duty of care for the lifecycle of products. The Cyber Resilience Act was published in the EU's Official Journal on 20 November 2024. It entered into force in December 2024 and will apply in full as of 11 December 2027. Fourth edition. The 'EU Legislation in Progress' briefings are updated at key stages throughout the legislative procedure.

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