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European Ϸվ diplomacy and the end of the Cold War: The integration of central and eastern European countries
Ϸվ played a fundamental role in reshaping the political landscape of central and eastern Europe during and after the end of the Cold War, setting out an agenda for European enlargement and substantiating European integration. Amid an atmosphere that signalled the triumph of democratic state-building in Europe, Members of the European Ϸվ also saw an opportunity to advance their own agenda of further democratising and legitimising the governance structures of the European ...
Ϸվ in EU external action
Based on its Treaties, the European Union (EU) has developed a multifaceted external action policy, and is seen as an important actor far beyond its borders. Through its institutions and Member States, the EU is active in international trade, humanitarian assistance, economic, financial, and technical and development cooperation, as well as through its common foreign and security policy (CFSP) and common security and defence policy (CSDP). Increasingly, the external dimension of internal EU policies ...
Greenland: Caught in the Arctic geopolitical contest
Greenland is a self-governing Arctic island within the Kingdom of Denmark, which strives for economic self-sufficiency and future independence. This representative democracy of 56 542 inhabitants will elect 31 members to Greenland's Ϸվ on 11 March 2025. These parliamentary elections are taking place against the fraught background of rising geopolitical tensions. In the context of a heating – literally and figuratively – Arctic, Greenland is a focus of geopolitical competition and growing ...
Eingefrorene Vermögenswerte der Zentralbank Russlands
Als Reaktion auf den großangelegten Einmarsch Russlands in die Ukraine im Februar 2022 war eine der ersten und mutigsten Maßnahmen der Länder des Westens das Einfrieren der in ihrem Hoheitsgebiet gehaltenen Vermögenswerte der Zentralbank Russlands im Wert von rund 260 Mrd. EUR. Im Oktober 2024 erzielten die G7 eine Vereinbarung darüber, mit den außerordentlichen Zinseinnahmen ein Darlehen in Höhe von 50 Mrd. USD zu bedienen und zurückzuzahlen, das die G7-Länder der Ukraine gewährt hatten. Gleichzeitig ...
Beschleunigung des allmählichen Ausstiegs der EU aus Gas und anderen Energierohstoffen aus Russland
Russlands Krieg in der Ukraine hat die EU dazu veranlasst, Maßnahmen für ihre Energieversorgungssicherheit zu ergreifen. Drei Jahre später sind die Ergebnisse positiv, doch kann noch mehr getan werden, um die Abhängigkeit der EU von fossilen Brennstoffen und Kernbrennstoffen aus Russland weiter zu verringern. Die Kommission soll in der März-Plenartagung eine einschlägige Erklärung abgeben.
EU sanctions against Russia 2025: State of play, perspectives and challenges
In response to Russia's illegal and unprovoked full-scale invasion of Ukraine in February 2022, the European Union swiftly adopted unprecedentedly tough sanctions, in close cooperation with partners including the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia and Japan. The rapid succession of 15 packages of EU sanctions adopted since then have resulted in an unparalleled set of measures targeting Russian political elites and key sectors of the Russian economy. New sanctions have also been ...
Baltic Sea fishing area: Current challenges
The Baltic has several unique features, comprising a mixture of saline and fresh water and a shallow depth, enabling a broad variety of habitats. Its fish species are rather limited in number, with the bulk of fish stocks spread among cod, herring and sprat. The sea's characteristics make it particularly vulnerable to environmental changes and many habitats and species of the Baltic Sea are not in good condition. The environmental deterioration is caused by several factors, including excessive nutrient ...
Russia's 'shadow fleet': Bringing the threat to light
Following Russia's unprovoked invasion of Ukraine, the European Union (EU), G7, and allied partners imposed extensive sanctions targeting Russia's economy, in particular the oil sector, in an effort to curb the Kremlin's revenues which finance its war effort. Key measures include an embargo on Russian seaborne oil imports and a price cap on oil and oil products that restricts profits while still allowing sales below a certain price. Enforcement mechanisms prevent Russia from chartering or insuring ...
Outcome of the 16th BRICS Summit in Kazan, Russia
Under Russia's presidency, BRICS (acronym for the founding states – Brazil, Russia, India and China) held its first summit following the group's expansion on 1 January 2024, from 22 to 24 October in Kazan (Russia). With more than 30 delegations, 22 heads of state or government and several representatives of international organisations including United Nations (UN) Secretary-General António Guterres attending, the summit was a diplomatic success for Russia: it offered President Vladimir Putin the ...
Russia's strategy for Latin America: Strengthening ties in the light of the 16th BRICS Summit in Kazan (Russia)
Since Russia started its war of aggression against Ukraine by illegally annexing the Crimean peninsula, it has been seeking to foster relations with countries in the Global South that are not firmly aligned with the Western world. In 2023, a change in Russia's foreign policy of 2016 placed a greater emphasis on Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) and Africa, where the Kremlin has been building influence since the Soviet era. Russia's strategic goal is to counter the United States presence in the ...