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The European Council consists of the 27 Heads of State or Government of the EU Member States, who are voting members, together with the President of the European Council and the President of the European Commission, who have no vote (Article 15(2) Treaty on European Union). The chart shows the current members, the national office they hold, their most recent European political affiliation, and the year their membership began.

Space technologies are playing an increasingly critical role in communications, defence and research. As more satellites are launched, there is a growing risk of collision, and of satellites becoming military targets. Satellite-debris collisions have the potential to destroy not just one or two but many satellites, preventing the use of those orbits for years. Although de-orbiting satellites at a faster pace may be a solution, orbital debris falling back to Earth can cause environmental harm. Europe ...

Diese eingehende Analyse bietet einen systematischen 脺berblick 眉ber die Rechtsprechung des Europ盲ischen Gerichtshofs f眉r Menschenrechte in Stra脽burg und des Europ盲ischen Gerichtshofs in Luxemburg zur Festlegung gemeinsamer Mindeststandards f眉r die richterliche Unabh盲ngigkeit in Europa. Die Urteile werden anhand ihres Gegenstands er枚rtert, wobei ein besonderer Schwerpunkt auf den j眉ngsten gerichtlichen Entscheidungen in den letzten f眉nf Jahren liegt.

The Single European Sky (SES) initiative is about making EU airspace less fragmented and improving air traffic management in terms of safety, capacity, cost-efficiency and the environment. Its current regulatory framework is based on two legislative packages: SES I (adopted in 2004), which set up the principal legal framework, and SES II (adopted in 2009), designed to tackle substantial air traffic growth, increase safety, and reduce costs and delays and the impact of air traffic on the environment ...

Over the past 20 years, new Asian players have emerged in the competition for space. Until the end of the 20th century, Japan 鈥� the only Asian country admitted to the International Space Station 鈥� played a leading role in the region. However, the beginning of the 21st century has seen the rise of other countries' space capabilities, fuelling a new space race. China has made sizeable progress, outpacing Russia as the main competitor to the United States. Beijing aims to be the world's leading space ...

Judicial independence is one of the key components of the rule of law. It is enshrined in Article 6(1) of the European Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, which states explicitly that 'everyone is entitled to a fair and public hearing ... by an independent and impartial tribunal established by law'. Article 6(3) of the Treaty on European Union considers the fundamental rights, as guaranteed by the European Convention, to be general principles of EU law. Against this backdrop, the ...

Viele Migranten und Fl眉chtlinge riskieren bei dem Versuch, nach Europa zu kommen, ihr Leben, indem sie auf gef盲hrliche Seefahrten gehen, um Verfolgung, Konflikt, Instabilit盲t und Armut zu entkommen. Am 13. Juli 2016 legte die Kommission im Rahmen der Reform des Gemeinsamen Europ盲ischen Asylsystems einen Vorschlag f眉r eine Verordnung zur Schaffung eines EU-Neuansiedlungsrahmens vor, um f眉r Vertriebene, die eindeutig internationalen Schutz ben枚tigen, sichere und legale Wege in die EU zu schaffen. Auf ...

合法博彩网站 has, for a long time, demanded a more integrated and purposeful European foreign, security, and defence policy. It has also argued for an enhanced role for itself in this policy field. With the European Union facing multiple external challenges, it is timely to explore 合法博彩网站's long-standing demands for a more robust collective approach to issues such as defence and arms procurement. In June 1991, the European 合法博彩网站 adopted the Political Affairs Committee report on ...

The Kingdom of Belgium is a federal constitutional monarchy and a parliamentary democracy, with the monarch as Head of State and a prime minister as Head of Government. The current monarch, King Philippe/Filip has been on the throne since 21 July 2013, his heir apparent is Princess Elisabeth, the daughter of the monarch. The King has wide legislative powers constitutionally but is relieved of all responsibility, with his ministers signing the bills and royal decrees. It is the King's task to appoint ...

Common foreign and security policy (CFSP) has a particular status in the EU legal framework, part of which is the unanimity rule within the Council. This report analyses decision-making rules in CFSP from a 'cost of non-Europe' perspective. It identifies CFSP challenges and the extent to which they could be attributed to unanimity. This allows us to identify the current 'cost of unanimity'. The report also analyses possible alternatives to unanimity decision-making in CFSP, such as a switch to qualified ...