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Based on its Treaties, the European Union (EU) has developed a multifaceted external action policy, and is seen as an important actor far beyond its borders. Through its institutions and Member States, the EU is active in international trade, humanitarian assistance, economic, financial, and technical and development cooperation, as well as through its common foreign and security policy (CFSP) and common security and defence policy (CSDP). Increasingly, the external dimension of internal EU policies ...

Energieintensive Industriezweige sind f眉r die EU-Wirtschaft von entscheidender Bedeutung und st眉tzen viele strategische Wertsch枚pfungsketten. Da diese Wirtschaftszweige vor erheblichen Herausforderungen stehen, zu denen auch ihre sinkende Wettbewerbsf盲higkeit geh枚rt, ist die EU gerade dabei, Strategien zu ihrer Unterst眉tzung auszuarbeiten. In der April-Plenartagung sollen die MdEP im Anschluss an eine Anfrage an die Kommission 眉ber k眉nftige Ma脽nahmen diskutieren und 眉ber eine Entschlie脽ung abstimmen ...

Ukraine is the second largest country on the European continent after Russia. Its oil, coal and gas reserves, as well as its geostrategic position, ensured its important role in energy trade, both during the Soviet Union and after its collapse. However, Russia's initial invasion of Ukraine (since 2014), followed by a full-scale war of aggression against the country, have had severe human and economic impacts. In the energy area, for example, Russia's strategy has been to weaponise (e.g. the occupation ...

The six countries that make up the region known as the Western Balkans differ in terms of size, population, economy, energy mix and energy import dependency. At the same time, they share common elements because of their geographical proximity, and 鈥� in some cases 鈥� common policies adopted in the past. An example is their ageing infrastructure dating back to the 1970s, which was damaged during the conflicts in former Yugoslavia. Another common element (except for Albania) is their reliance on solid ...

The energy system is a cornerstone of the United States (US) economy and competitiveness. The country's energy mix in 2022 was well-diversified, consisting of two thirds natural gas and oil, with the rest almost equal proportions of coal, nuclear and renewables. By using its vast reserves in fossil fuels and applying new extraction technologies, the US has managed to increase its fossil fuel production significantly over the past 10 years and, since 2019, it has become a net energy exporter for the ...

Hungary is legally bound to reach climate neutrality by 2050 (see trajectory in Figure 1), and aims to achieve a 50 % reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 2030 compared with 1990 levels. Hungary accounted for 1.6 % of the EU's net GHG emissions in 2023, and achieved a net emissions reduction of 32.5 % from 2005 to 2023, slightly more than the EU average reduction of 30.5 % over the same period. Emissions from sectors under the EU emissions trading system (ETS) were more than halved (-55.3 ...

The original full study explores the current and future flexibility needs in the electricity system as well as existing and potential solutions to efficiently integrate renewable energy and facilitate electrification of end-uses. Key findings highlight the importance of flexible electricity generation, demand response and energy storage solutions for daily, weekly, and seasonal flexibility provision. However, challenges persist due to inadequate market rules and regulatory frameworks, and economic ...

This study explores the current and future flexibility needs in the electricity system as well as existing and potential solutions to efficiently integrate renewable energy and facilitate electrification of end-uses. Key findings highlight the importance of flexible electricity generation, demand response and energy storage solutions for daily, weekly, and seasonal flexibility provision. However, challenges persist due to inadequate market rules and regulatory frameworks, and economic issues. The ...

Much of the relationship between the United Kingdom (UK) and the European Union (EU) is set out in the Trade and Cooperation Agreement (TCA), which came fully into force in May 2021. The depth and complexity of relations between the EU and the UK following the latter's withdrawal on 31 January 2020 vary depending on the policy area concerned. For example, the TCA devotes many more articles to energy relations than to climate relations. This is due to a variety of reasons, but can often be partially ...

Hydrogen is a feedstock used in the petrochemical industry and can also serve as an energy carrier. Currently, 96 % of hydrogen in the EU is produced from natural gas, a process that emits considerable amounts of CO2. When the CO2 is captured and stored, it is known as low-carbon hydrogen. Another technology for producing hydrogen is water electrolysis, which breaks water down into hydrogen and oxygen. If electrolysis is powered by renewable electricity, there are no CO2 emissions, and the hydrogen ...