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Portugal aims to achieve carbon neutrality by 2045 (see trajectory in Figure 1). In 2023, Portugal accounted for 1.7 % of the EU's net greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and achieved net emissions reductions of 43.9 % from 2005 to 2023, above the EU average reduction of 30.5 % over the same period. During that period, the country achieved a reduction of 66.2 % in emissions covered by the EU emissions trading system (ETS). Portugal's land use, land-use change and forestry (LULUCF) sector has mostly performed ...

Slovakia aims to reach climate neutrality by 2050 (see trajectory in Figure 1).The country accounted for 1.1 % of the EU's total greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in 2023 and achieved an emissions reduction of 27.3 % from 2005 to 2023, slightly below the EU average reduction of 30.2 % over the same period. Emissions from sectors under the EU emission trading system (ETS) fell by 41.7 %. For the effort-sharing sectors, Slovakia largely over-achieved its targets for 2020. Slovakia's land use, land-use ...

Hungary is legally bound to reach climate neutrality by 2050 (see trajectory in Figure 1), and aims to achieve a 50 % reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 2030 compared with 1990 levels. Hungary accounted for 1.6 % of the EU's net GHG emissions in 2023, and achieved a net emissions reduction of 32.5 % from 2005 to 2023, slightly more than the EU average reduction of 30.5 % over the same period. Emissions from sectors under the EU emissions trading system (ETS) were more than halved (-55.3 ...

Hydrogen is a feedstock used in the petrochemical industry and can also serve as an energy carrier. Currently, 96 % of hydrogen in the EU is produced from natural gas, a process that emits considerable amounts of CO2. When the CO2 is captured and stored, it is known as low-carbon hydrogen. Another technology for producing hydrogen is water electrolysis, which breaks water down into hydrogen and oxygen. If electrolysis is powered by renewable electricity, there are no CO2 emissions, and the hydrogen ...

The Netherlands aims to reach climate neutrality by 2050 (see trajectory in Figure 1) and deliver a 55 % greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction by 2030 compared with 1990. The country accounts for 5.3 % of the EU's net GHG emissions, and achieved a net emissions reduction of 32.3 % between 2005 and 2023, greater than the EU average reduction of 30.5 % over the same period. Emissions from sectors under the EU emissions trading system (ETS) fell by 37.2 %. Because of the role of agriculture, the Dutch land ...

The German Climate Change Act sets the obligation to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 65 % of 1990 levels by 2030 and achieve GHG neutrality by 2045 (see trajectory in Figure 1). Germany accounts for 23.7 % of the EU's net GHG emissions and reduced its net emissions by 30.7 % between 2005 and 2023, slightly above the EU average of 30.5 %. As shown below, Germany significantly reduced emissions from the emissions trading sector. However, it missed its target under the EU effort-sharing legislation ...

Czechia does not have a national climate target, and aims to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in line with EU climate and energy legislation. Czechia accounted for 3.6 % of the EU's net GHG emissions in 2023. The country reduced its net emissions by 25.6 % over the 2005-2023 period, which is less than the EU average reduction of 30.5 %. As shown in Figure 1, Czechia significantly reduced emissions from sectors under the EU emissions trading system (ETS). Czechia's net emissions have been impacted ...

Spain aims to achieve climate neutrality by 2050 (see trajectory in Figure 1). In 2023, Spain accounted for 8.2 % of the EU's net greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and achieved a net emissions reduction of 39.3 % in the years 2005 to 2023, above the EU average reduction of 30.5 %. During the same period, the country reduced emissions covered by the EU emissions trading system (ETS) by 57.5 %. Spain's land use, land-use change and forestry (LULUCF) sector has consistently performed as a carbon sink, ...

Sweden aims to achieve climate neutrality by 2045 (see trajectory in Figure 1) and to further reduce its emissions in sectors covered by the Effort-sharing Regulation. In 2023, Sweden accounted for 0.16 % of the EU's net greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. It achieved a net emissions reduction of 72.6 % from 2005 to 2023, well above the EU average reduction of 30.5 %. In the same period, the country reduced emissions covered by the EU emissions trading system by 26.5 %. Sweden's land use, land-use change ...

Italy's long-term climate strategy sets out pathways to reach climate neutrality by 2050 (see trajectory in Figure 1). Italy accounts for 12.5 % of the EU's net greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and achieved a net emissions reduction of 34.8 % from 2005 to 2023, greater than the EU average reduction of 30.5 % over the same period. Emissions from sectors under the EU emissions trading system (ETS) dropped by 54 %. Italy's land use, land-use change and forestry (LULUCF) sector has been a carbon sink throughout ...