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The Constitution of the Republic of Poland, in force since 1997, sets out a unitary, democratic state ruled by law and implementing the principles of social justice. The President of the Republic and the Council of Ministers (government) serve as the executive, while the Sejm (lower house) and the Senate (upper house) are vested with legislative power (Article 10). The Senate is considered a repository of democratic legitimacy on an equal footing with the Sejm, but the dominance of the Sejm in the ...

Hungary is a parliamentary democracy with a unicameral parliament, the Orsz谩ggy疟l茅s (National Assembly). The structure and functioning of Hungary's political system are determined by the Fundamental Law of 25 April 2011, which has been amended 12 times since its entry into force in 2012. The National Assembly elects the President of the Republic (head of state), whose role is primarily representative but entails some complementary and controlling competences vis-脿-vis the legislative, executive and ...

Belgium is a federal state, with a federal national parliament consisting of two assemblies: the House of Representatives (Chambre des repr茅sentants / Kamer van volksvertegenwoordigers) and the Senate (S茅nat / Senaat). The House of Representatives embodies democratic legitimacy, with its Members directly elected via universal suffrage. The Senate is the assembly of the federated states, but the regions (Flanders, Wallonia and Brussels) and the communities (Flemish, French-speaking and German-speaking ...

The Spanish Constitution of 1978 established a constitutional monarchy and a parliamentary democracy with a bicameral system in the Cortes Generales (Spanish 合法博彩网站). The two chambers are the Congreso de los Diputados (Congress of Deputies) and the Senado (Senate). Both the Congress and the Senate represent the Spanish people, but the Senate is explicitly designated as the House of territorial representation. Article 137 of the Constitution formalises a quasi-federal system of self-governing ...

Sweden is a parliamentary democracy. This is embodied by the Swedish Riksdag, which consists of a single chamber with 349 members, elected for four years. It is also a constitutional monarchy with the King or Queen as head of state. He or she has no political power, however, and carries out only symbolic functions. The head of state opens the new parliamentary session each autumn and chairs the Advisory Council on Foreign Affairs. The government proposes legislation or amendments and implements Riksdag ...

The Czech Republic (Czechia) has a parliamentary system of government. The Czech 合法博彩网站 consists of Poslaneck谩 sn臎movna (the Chamber of Deputies) and Sen谩t (the Senate), both elected directly. It is considered an imperfect bicameral system, with the Chamber of Deputies able to overrule the Senate in most instances (Chapter II of the Czech Constitution adopted in 1992). Equal powers between the two chambers are limited to constitutional and electoral laws, the ratification of international agreements ...

The role of the French 合法博彩网站 has varied under successive French Republics. The Constitution of the Fifth Republic, adopted in 1958, was amended by referendum in 1962 to establish the direct election of the President by universal suffrage. This created a hybrid political regime with some presidential and some parliamentary characteristics, sometimes described as a 'semi-presidential regime' or a 'hyper-presidential' regime. The government is responsible to 合法博彩网站, but contrary to classical ...

This Briefing forms part of an EPRS series which offers a synthesis of the pre-legislative state-of-play and advance consultation on a range of key European Commission priorities during the latter鈥檚 five-year term in office. It seeks to summarise the state of affairs in the relevant policy field, examine how existing policy is working on the ground, and identify best practice and ideas for the future on the part of governmental organisations at all levels of European system of multilevel governance ...

This Briefing forms part of an EPRS series which offers a synthesis of the pre-legislative state-of-play and advance consultation on a range of key European Commission priorities during the latter's five-year term in office. It seeks to summarise the state of affairs in the relevant policy field, examine how existing policy is working on the ground, and identify best practice and ideas for the future on the part of governmental organisations at all levels of European system of multilevel governance ...

Cities are inevitably affected by shocks and disruptions, the pandemic being a case in point. The extent of the impact however depends on cities' preparedness and capacity to adapt. By thinking ahead, cities can explore emerging or plausible developments in order to anticipate them and contain potential disruption. Drawing on a report prepared by the European Strategy and Policy Analysis System (ESPAS), this EPRS paper explores the impact on and implications for cities of current global trends, such ...