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This analysis sets out the legal situation in the EU regarding surrogacy. A distinction can be drawn between traditional and gestational surrogacy, depending on the genetic connection of the surrogate to the child. A further distinction is made between altruistic and commercial surrogacy, depending on whether the surrogate receives remuneration. Among the Member States, Ireland, Greece, Cyprus and Portugal have introduced legislation permitting altruistic surrogacy, but for some of these the legislation ...

Exposure to 'forever chemicals', air pollution, stress and many other factors depends on where a person lives and their lifestyle choices. These exposures combine over the course of a lifetime, affecting human biology and health. The 'exposome' concept offers a framework for understanding and analysing this complex reality, and ultimately for informing the shaping of evidence-based policy on chemicals, food and the workplace, as well as on pollution, public health and the environment more generally ...

On 29 April 2021, the European Commission presented a study on the status of new genomic techniques (NGTs) under EU law. The Council had asked for this study in the context of a 2018 European Court of Justice judgment and the practical questions raised by it. The Commission study examines the implementation of EU legislation on NGTs, based on consultations with the Member States and stakeholders. It provides information on the status and use of NGTs in plants, animals and micro-organisms for agri-food ...

鈥楪ene drives鈥� are best known for their capacity to suppress malaria by eradicating mosquito populations. However, its applications reach even further, including the potential to eliminate other insect-transmitted diseases, erasing herbicide and pesticide resistance in weeds and pests, and removing invasive species from ecosystems. How do we navigate the potential benefits and significant risks that are involved in gene drive use?

The CRISPR-Cas9 system currently stands out as the fastest, cheapest and most reliable system for 鈥榚diting鈥� genes. It is seen as the biggest game changer in the field of gene editing due to its high degree of reliability, effectiveness and low cost. At the same time, the use of CRISPR has generated a series of socio-ethical concerns over whether and how gene editing should be used to make heritable changes to the human genome, to lead to designer babies, to generate potentially risky genome edits ...

This horizon scan has identified eight major technological trends relevant for STOA. First, a scan was conducted to measure controversy on social media, and this constituted an initial controversy ranking. After more detailed analysis of the main technology trends identified, a set of STOA-relevant areas were selected, which have not yet been investigated by STOA so far. These are big data, gene technology, electric vehicles, autonomous cars and impact of algorithms. A number of additional trend ...

The current EU approval system for medical devices (MDs) and in vitro diagnostic medical devices (IVDs) is based on conformity assessment by 'notified bodies'. A number of scandals stressed the need to tighten the regulatory framework for such devices. The European Commission's proposals for regulations on MDs and IVDs, being discussed in parallel, are extensive and will repeal all existing rules. Votes in 合法博彩网站 at second reading are expected during the April I plenary.

Medical devices and in vitro diagnostic medical devices cover a wide array of products. The EU legal framework for such devices was harmonised in the 1990s. The European Commission presented a pair of proposals for regulations in September 2012, to update the framework. Following 合法博彩网站's first readings in April 2014, the Council agreed its positions in October 2015. At the conclusion of the trilogue meetings, agreement was reached on both proposals on 25 May 2016. This was endorsed by the Council's ...

'Personalised medicine' refers to a medical approach that uses molecular insights into health and disease to guide decisions with regard to the prediction, prevention, diagnosis and treatment of illnesses. Genetic factors play a role in most human diseases, with gene variations contributing to their incidence or course. New tools harnessed by personalised medicine include '-omics' technologies, which seek to define and explain the molecular mechanisms of the human body, and biomarkers, allowing us ...

Exploration and exploitation of the deep-seas in search of marine minerals and genetic resources have over the past fifteen years received increased attention. Developments in sub-marine technologies, rising raw material prices and scarcity, and advancements in biotechnology, are changing the business-case for further investments in the marineenvironment.This report provides a state-of-play overview on exploring and exploiting deep-sea resources. A Cost-Benefit Analysis identifies the main potentials ...