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Access to citizenship status is an important prerequisite for enjoying rights and privileges, such as migration and political rights, as well as for developing a sense of identity and belonging. Since the establishment of Union citizenship, all persons who are nationals or citizens of an EU Member State enjoy the status of EU citizenship, which confers on them a number of additional rights and privileges. However, Member States retain full control over whom they recognise as citizens. Although the legal rules on the acquisition and loss of citizenship in the EU Member States remain divergent, one can identify a number of common key trends and issues. The need to integrate long-term immigrants has pushed EU countries to amend their citizenship laws. This has often resulted in making citizenship both more liberal (lowering residence requirements and tolerating dual citizenship) and more restrictive (introducing integration clauses and citizenship tests). Security concerns related to terrorist activities and the war in Ukraine have also triggered changes to Member States' citizenship laws, specifically regarding the conditions for revoking citizenship. Concerns about immigrants' integration, allegiance and belonging, as well as about the cultural and economic consequences of regional integration and globalisation, are at the heart of recent debates about citizenship in Europe. Moreover, in the EU, the issue of access to citizenship is no longer a matter that concerns Member States alone. The bundling of national and EU citizenship means that Member States have a certain responsibility towards each other when making decisions over who to accept (or reject) as a citizen. This is an update of a briefing published in July 2018.