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The internet has become an integral part of children's lives, offering a wide range of opportunities for learning, exploring, informing and interacting with others. However, this increased online presence also exposes children to numerous risks, including cyberbullying, fraudulent marketing practices, and sexual abuse and exploitation. The scale of these problems is alarming, with a significant proportion of children experiencing online harm every month. Furthermore, the rise of generative artificial intelligence is facilitating some risks, such as the creation and dissemination of convincing but false information. To address these challenges, the EU has implemented a range of laws and initiatives aimed at protecting children online, while enabling them to explore the digital space and fulfil their potential. These measures include regulations on digital services, audiovisual media services, data protection, and practical tools such as helplines and hotlines to report harmful or illegal content online. In addition, the EU has introduced a digital identity framework, which aims to offer a secure and reliable way to verify age, to prevent children from accessing age-inappropriate content. National and regional governments are also taking steps to protect children online, with many countries introducing age limits and age verification systems. Some countries or regions have banned smartphones in schools, while others are promoting awareness-raising campaigns and educational programmes to teach children and parents about online safety. Civil society organisations and international bodies are also promoting child online safety, through initiatives such as research, awareness-raising campaigns, and support services.