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The United Kingdom left the European Union on 31 January 2020. Much of the relationship following the withdrawal is set out in the Trade and Cooperation Agreement (TCA), which came fully into force in May 2021. The depth and complexity of relations between the EU and the UK following the withdrawal vary depending on the policy area concerned. For example, the TCA devotes many more articles to energy relations than to climate relations. There are a variety of reasons for this, but it can often be partially explained by the depth of previous relationships, as well as physical infrastructure already in place (such as electricity and gas interconnectors between the UK and EU Member States). In the context of Russia's invasion of Ukraine, the UK and the EU have increased their coordination, especially on energy. At the same time, both the EU and UK are moving ahead on energy and climate issues at different paces. There are concerns, therefore, that differing regulatory approaches will result in discrepancies that could hamper trade between the EU and the UK. The focus here is on Ireland and Northern Ireland, where the absence of harmonisation could result in WTO disputes and create political tensions.