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Is-servizzi finanzjarji huma parti essenzjali mill-isforzi tal-UE biex ji摹i kkompletat is-suq intern, fl-ambitu tal-moviment liberu tas-servizzi u tal-kapital. Il-progress se魔魔 f鈥檉a偶ijiet differenti: (1)聽it-tne魔魔ija tal-ostakli nazzjonali g魔ad-d魔ul (1957-1973); (2)聽l-armonizzazzjoni tal-li摹ijiet u tal-politiki nazzjonali (1973-1983); (3)聽l-ikkompletar tas-suq intern (1983-1992); (4)聽il-魔olqien ta鈥� 偶ona ta鈥� munita unika (1993-2007); u (5) il-kri偶i finanzjarja globali u r-riforma ta鈥� wara l-kri偶i ( ...

Is-Sistema Ewropea ta鈥� Supervi偶joni Finanzjarja hija sistema b鈥檇iversi livelli ta鈥� awtoritajiet mikroprudenzjali u makroprudenzjali li g魔andha l-g魔an li ti偶gura supervi偶joni finanzjarja konsistenti u koerenti fl-UE. Hi tinkludi l-Bord Ewropew dwar ir-Riskju Sistemiku, it-tliet awtoritajiet supervi偶orji Ewropej (EBA, ESMA u EIOPA) u s-supervi偶uri nazzjonali. Il-Bank 膴entrali Ewropew, b魔ala parti mill-Mekkani偶mu Supervi偶orju Uniku (MSU), huwa s-supervi偶ur bankarju g魔all-banek il-kbar nett.

L-unjoni ekonomika u monetarja (UEM) hija r-ri偶ultat ta鈥� integrazzjoni ekonomika fl-UE. Fi偶-偶ona tal-euro, li attwalment tinkludi 20 Stat Membru tal-Unjoni, 摹iet introdotta munita komuni, l-euro. L-Istati Membri kollha tal-UE 鈥� minbarra d-Danimarka 鈥� je魔ti摹ilhom jadottaw l-euro ladarba jissodisfaw il-kriterji ta鈥� konver摹enza. Politika monetarja unika hija stabbilita mill-Eurosistema, li tinkludi l-Bord E偶ekuttiv tal-Bank 膴entrali Ewropew u l-gvernaturi tal-banek 膵entrali ta偶-偶ona tal-euro.

Il-moviment liberu tal-kapital huwa wie魔ed mill-erba鈥� libertajiet fundamentali tas-suq uniku tal-UE. Minbarra li jirrappre偶enta l-aktar libert脿 re膵enti, jikkostitwixxi wkoll l-aktar wa魔da wiesg魔a min魔abba d-dimensjoni unika tieg魔u b鈥檙abta mal-pajji偶i terzi. Il-liberalizzazzjoni tal-flussi tal-kapital kienet wa魔da gradwali. B鈥檏onsegwenza tat-Trattat ta鈥� Maastricht, ir-restrizzjonijiet fuq il-pagamenti u l-movimenti tal-kapital 鈥� kemm bejn l-Istati Membri u kemm ma鈥� pajji偶i terzi (ji摹ifieri pajji偶i ...

L-objettiv ewlieni tar-regoli tal-kompetizzjoni tal-UE huwa li jippermettu l-funzjonament tajjeb tas-suq intern tal-UE. It-Trattat dwar il-Funzjonament tal-Unjoni Ewropea (TFUE) g魔andu l-g魔an li jipprevjeni restrizzjonijiet fuq il-kompetizzjoni u distorsjonijiet tag魔ha, b魔all-abbu偶 ta鈥� po偶izzjonijiet dominanti, il-ftehimiet antikompetittivi kif ukoll l-g魔aqdiet u l-akkwi偶izzjonijiet, jekk dawn inaqqsu l-kompetizzjoni. Barra minn hekk, l-g魔ajnuna mill-Istat hija pprojbita meta din twassal g魔al distorsjonijiet ...

Il-Bank Ewropew tal-Investiment (BEI) jimbotta l-objettivi tal-Unjoni Ewropea billi jipprovdi finanzjament ta鈥� pro摹etti fit-tul, garanziji u konsulenza. Huwa jappo摹摹ja pro摹etti kemm fi 魔dan l-UE kif ukoll lil hinn minnha. L-azzjonisti tieg魔u huma l-Istati Membri tal-UE. Il-BEI huwa l-azzjonist ma摹摹oritarju tal-Fond Ewropew tal-Investiment (FEI), u 偶-偶ew摹 organizzazzjonijiet flimkien jiffurmaw il-Grupp tal-BEI.

Although the US Inflation Reduction Act (IRA) pursues a range of aims, the two main ones are the lowering of inflation by removing purchasing power from the US economy, and to provide the United State's contribution to fighting climate change. Unlike similar EU measures, most of its climate support is done via tax subsidies. Although hailed in the EU for heralding a new era in US climate policy, the IRA is being criticised for its outright 'Buy American' provisions. Amongst others, it is feared that ...

The original full study presents data from 27 banking groups in 10 EU Member States, where it is found that banks have used COVID-19 relief measures extensively, with some cross-country differences as for the intensity of use. Flexibility in risk classification does not seem to have impaired banks鈥� ability to report and recognise risk properly, even for loans under moratoria. The findings suggest that the impact of the measures on banks鈥� credit supply has been overall positive and mainly driven ...

The original full study presents data from 27 banking groups in 10 EU Member States, where it is found that banks have used COVID-19 relief measures extensively, with some cross-country differences as for the intensity of use. Flexibility in risk classification does not seem to have impaired banks鈥� ability to report and recognise risk properly, even for loans under moratoria. The findings suggest that the impact of the measures on banks鈥� credit supply has been overall positive and mainly driven ...

The European Semester is a framework for the coordination of economic policies across the European Union that was established after the European sovereign debt crisis. This paper aims to provide a simple but comprehensive introduction, explaining the main steps of the Semester from November to July each year. It also provides a short review of the academic and institutional debates around the Semester, before closing with the priorities in the relevant areas identified by the new European Commission ...